115國立竹東高中教師甄試英文科

1. Although the evidence against the suspect seemed overwhelming, his lawyer remained ________, refusing to admit defeat in court.

(A) obsequious

(B) garrulous

(D) intransigent

【解析】

句意為「儘管不利於嫌犯的證據似乎壓倒性地強大，他的律師依然表現得，拒絕在法庭上認輸。」

語境中「refusing to admit defeat（拒絕認輸）」與「although（儘管）」顯示律師展現出一種不願妥協、堅持到底的態度，故正確答案為

(D) intransigent 不妥協的；不讓步的

(A) obsequious 諂媚的；卑躬屈膝的

形容詞，指為了討好他人而表現出過度的恭敬或順從。

常用片語： an obsequious smile（奉承的微笑）、obsequious behavior（諂媚的行為）

例句： The waiter greeted the celebrities with an obsequious bow.

服務生對著名人低聲下氣地鞠躬迎接。

同義詞： fawning, servile

反義詞： domineering, arrogant

(B) garrulous 喋喋不休的；饒舌的

形容詞，通常指說話過多且多為瑣事，讓人感到厭煩。

常用片語： a garrulous neighbor（愛碎念的鄰居）、become more garrulous with age（隨著年齡增長變得越來越愛嘮叨）

例句： The garrulous old man chatted for hours about his childhood.

那位喋喋不休的老人聊了數小時關於他童年的往事。

同義詞： talkative, loquacious

反義詞： taciturn, reticent

形容詞，原意指「長達一英尺半的」，現多用來形容喜歡用艱澀長單字的人或文章。

常用片語： sesquipedalian prose（冗長艱澀的散文）、a sesquipedalian style of writing（使用長難句的寫作風格）

例句： His speech was so sesquipedalian that most students could not understand it.

他的演講充滿了冗長艱澀的字眼，以至於大多數學生都聽不懂。

同義詞： long-winded, polysyllabic

反義詞： concise, monosyllabic

(D) intransigent 不妥協的；不讓步的

形容詞，指態度強硬，拒絕改變立場或與他人達成協議。

常用片語： remain intransigent（依然不肯讓步）、an intransigent attitude（不妥協的態度）

例句： The union remained intransigent on its demand for a double-digit pay rise.

工會在要求兩位數調薪的立場上依然寸步不讓。

同義詞： uncompromising, stubborn

反義詞： flexible, compliant

2. The professor’s sophisticated lecture was so ________ that even the most diligent students struggled to grasp the core concepts.

(A) lucid

(B) abstruse

(D) mundane

【解析】

句意為「教授這場深奧的講座是如此地_______，以至於連最勤奮的學生都難以掌握核心概念。」

語境中「sophisticated（深奧複雜的）」以及「struggled to grasp（難以掌握）」顯示講座內容非常艱澀難懂，故正確答案為

(B) abstruse 深奧的；難解的

(A) lucid 清晰的；易懂的

形容詞，指表達清楚、邏輯分明，讓人容易理解。

常用片語： a lucid explanation（清晰的解釋）、remain lucid（保持神智清醒）

例句： The scientist gave a lucid account of the complex theory.

這位科學家對這項複雜的理論做了清晰易懂的說明。

同義詞： clear, intelligible

反義詞： vague, confusing

(B) abstruse 深奧的；難解的

這是正確答案。形容詞，指內容過於深奧，超一般人的理解範圍。

常用片語： abstruse theories（深奧的理論）、abstruse philosophical problems（深奧的哲學問題）

例句： The philosopher’s writings are often too abstruse for the general public.

這位哲學家的著作對大眾來說通常太過深奧難懂。

同義詞： profound, recondite

反義詞： simple, superficial

形容詞，指讓人想哭的，或是某人悲傷、容易流淚的樣子。

常用片語： a lachrymose drama（催淚劇）、lachrymose eyes（含淚的雙眼）

例句： The movie’s lachrymose ending left the entire audience in tears.

這部電影催淚的結局讓全場觀眾熱淚盈眶。

同義詞： tearful, weepy

反義詞： cheerful, joyful

(D) mundane 平凡的；乏味的

形容詞，指日常的、世俗的，通常帶有無聊、缺乏吸引力的含義。

常用片語： mundane tasks（瑣碎平凡的工作）、mundane existence（世俗的生存）

例句： I found the job very mundane because it involved the same routine every day.

我覺得這份工作很乏味，因為每天都在重複同樣的例行公事。

同義詞： ordinary, banal

反義詞： extraordinary, imaginative

3. To compensate for the insufficient budget, the manager adopted a ________ approach, cutting all unnecessary expenses immediately.

(A) parsimonious

(B) flamboyant

(D) loquacious

【解析】

句意為「為了補足預算的不足，經理採取了_______的方法，立即削減了所有不必要的開支。」

語境中「insufficient budget（預算不足）」以及「cutting unnecessary expenses（削減不必要開支）」顯示經理在用錢上變得非常節省、甚至到吝嗇的地步，故正確答案為

(A) parsimonious 吝嗇的；節省的

這是正確答案。形容詞，指極度節儉，有時帶有過度精打細算、不願花錢的負面意涵。

常用片語： a parsimonious lifestyle（節儉的生活方式）、parsimonious with praise（吝於稱讚）

Even though he is a billionaire, he is known for his parsimonious habits.

儘管他是個億萬富翁，但他以吝嗇的習慣聞名。

同義詞： stingy, frugal

反義詞： generous, extravagant

(B) flamboyant 炫耀的；華麗的

形容詞，指引人注目的、華麗誇張的，通常用來形容人的性格或外表。

常用片語： a flamboyant personality（張揚的個性）、flamboyant clothes（華麗耀眼的衣服）

例句： The singer is famous for her flamboyant costumes on stage.

這位歌手以她舞台上華麗誇張的服裝而聞名。

同義詞： showy, ostentatious

反義詞： modest, plain

形容詞，形容人喜歡交際、待在人群中，或指動物成群結隊。

常用片語： a gregarious person（愛社交的人）、gregarious animals（群居動物）

例句： Leo is a gregarious person who enjoys making new friends at parties.

里歐是個愛社交的人，喜歡在派對上結交新朋友。

同義詞： sociable, outgoing

反義詞： unsociable, introverted

(D) loquacious 多話的；喋喋不休的

形容詞，指人說話很多，與 (B) 選項的 garrulous 相似。

常用片語： a loquacious speaker（口若懸河的演講者）、become loquacious（變得話多）

例句： After a few glasses of wine, he became quite loquacious.

幾杯酒下肚後，他變得相當健談。

同義詞： talkative, voluble

反義詞： laconic, silent

4. The primitive tribe’s mysterious rituals have remained ________ for centuries, despite many comprehensive studies by modern anthropologists.

(A) pulchritudinous

(B) complacent

(D) prudent

【解析】

句意為「儘管現代人類學家進行了許多詳盡的研究，這個原始部落的神祕儀式數世紀以來依然顯得_______。」

語境中「mysterious（神祕的）」以及「despite…studies（儘管經過研究）」顯示這些儀式仍然讓人無法理解、充滿謎團，故正確答案為

(A) pulchritudinous 貌美的；標緻的

形容詞，這是一個極其正式且罕見的單字，用來形容非常美麗的人。

常用片語： a pulchritudinous woman（貌美女子）、pulchritudinous features（標緻的面貌）

例句： The actress was celebrated for her pulchritudinous appearance.

這位女演員因其出眾的美貌而受到讚賞。

同義詞： beautiful, breathtaking

反義詞： hideous, ugly

(B) complacent 自滿的；得意忘形的

形容詞，指對現狀感到滿意，以至於失去警覺心或進取心。

常用片語： become complacent（變得自滿）、a complacent attitude（自滿的態度）

例句： We cannot afford to be complacent about our team’s success.

對於我們團隊的成功，我們不能掉以輕心。

同義詞： self-satisfied, smug

反義詞： humble, dissatisfied

這是正確答案。形容詞，源自於「enigma（謎）」，指難以捉摸或理解的人、事、物。

常用片語： an enigmatic smile（神祕難測的微笑）、enigmatic behavior（怪異難解的行為）

例句： The Mona Lisa is famous for her enigmatic smile.

蒙娜麗莎以其神祕莫測的微笑聞名於世。

同義詞： mysterious, puzzling

反義詞： straightforward, explicit

(D) prudent 謹慎的；精明的

形容詞，指考慮周到、避開風險，尤其在財務或決策上。

常用片語： a prudent decision（謹慎的決定）、prudent management（精明的管理）

例句： It would be prudent to save some money for future emergencies.

為了未來的緊急情況存點錢是明智之舉。

同義詞： cautious, wise

反義詞： reckless, imprudent

5. After the unexpected scandal, the politician tried to ________ the public’s indignation by offering a sincere, formal apology.

(A) exacerbate

(B) placate

(D) corroborate

【解析】

句意為「在發生意料之外的醜聞後，這位政治人物試圖藉由提供真誠且正式的道歉，來_______大眾的憤怒。」

語境中「apology（道歉）」是手段，目的是為了平息大眾的「indignation（憤怒）」，故正確答案為

(B) placate 平息；安撫

選項詳解

(A) exacerbate 使惡化；加重

動詞，指使問題、疾病或負面情緒變得更加嚴重。

常用片語： exacerbate the situation（使情況惡化）、exacerbate the pain（加劇疼痛）

例句： The new policies only served to exacerbate the existing tension between the two countries.

新政策只會加劇兩國之間現有的緊張局勢。

同義詞： aggravate, worsen

反義詞： alleviate, improve

(B) placate 平息；安撫

這是正確答案。動詞，指透過讓步或討好的方式，使某人不再生氣。

常用片語： placate the angry crowd（安撫憤怒的人群）、an attempt to placate critics（試圖平息批評者的努力）

The management tried to placate the strikers by offering a small pay increase.

管理階層試圖透過小幅調薪來平息罷工者的怒氣。

同義詞： appease, pacify

反義詞： provoke, incense

動詞，指對某人或某物抱持極高的敬意，通常帶有神聖感或對長者的崇拜。

常用片語： venerate ancestors（祭拜祖先）、venerate as a saint（將其奉為聖人崇拜）

例句： Many people in the village still venerate the old traditions.

村子裡的許多人仍然尊崇著古老的傳統。

同義詞： revere, respect

反義詞： despise, dishonor

(D) corroborate 證實；確證

動詞，指提供證據或資訊來支持某種說法、理論或事實。

常用片語： corroborate the witness’s testimony（證實證人的證詞）、corroborate the findings（證實研究結果）

例句： Recent research seems to corroborate his theory on climate change.

最近的研究似乎證實了他關於氣候變遷的理論。

同義詞： confirm, substantiate

反義詞： contradict, refute

6. The versatile actor is famous for his ________ personality, easily switching between melancholy and extreme joy in a single scene.

(A) mercurial

(B) dogmatic

(D) antediluvian

【解析】

句意為「這位多才多藝的演員以其_______的個性聞名，在同一場戲中能輕易地在憂鬱與極度喜悅之間轉換。」

語境中「switching between melancholy and extreme joy（在憂鬱與狂喜間轉換）」顯示其情緒變化極快、捉摸不定，故正確答案為

(A) mercurial 多變的；反覆無常的

這是正確答案。形容詞，源自水星/水銀（Mercury），形容人的情緒或性格像水銀般流動不定、變化莫測。

常用片語： a mercurial temperament（多變的性格）、mercurial nature（反覆無常的本質）

例句： His mercurial mood swings make it difficult to predict how he will react.

他那反覆無常的情緒起伏讓人很難預測他會做出什麼反應。

同義詞： volatile, capricious

反義詞： stable, constant

(B) dogmatic 武斷的；教條主義的

形容詞，指人非常自以為是，強硬地要求他人接受自己的觀點而不容質疑。

常用片語： a dogmatic approach（教條式的方法）、be dogmatic about one’s beliefs（對自己的信仰極其武斷）

例句： The principal was so dogmatic that he refused to listen to any suggestions from the teachers.

校長非常武斷，拒絕聽取老師們的任何建議。

同義詞： opinionated, dictatorial

反義詞： open-minded, flexible

形容詞，指缺乏活力、感到疲倦且對事物不感興趣。

常用片語： feel lethargic（感到無精打采）、a lethargic economy（蕭條的經濟）

例句： The hot summer weather made everyone feel lethargic and unproductive.

炎熱的夏季天氣讓每個人都感到無精打采，工作效率低下。

同義詞： sluggish, listless

反義詞： energetic, animated

(D) antediluvian 遠古的；陳舊過時的

形容詞，字面意指「大洪水之前的」，現多用來幽默或諷刺地形容某事物極其古老或過時。

常用片語： antediluvian ideas（過時的想法）、antediluvian equipment（陳舊的設備）

例句： My grandfather still uses an antediluvian typewriter instead of a computer.

我祖父仍然在使用一台古老過時的打字機，而不使用電腦。

同義詞： ancient, antiquated

反義詞： modern, cutting-edge

7. It is inevitable that superficial trends will be ________, lasting only a few months before they are completely forgotten.

(A) perennial

(B) austere

(D) ephemeral

【解析】

句意為「淺薄的流行趨勢不可避免地會是，僅僅持續幾個月後就會被完全遺忘。」

語境中「lasting only a few months（僅持續幾個月）」以及「completely forgotten（被完全遺忘）」顯示這些趨勢非常短命，故正確答案為

(D) ephemeral 短暫的；轉瞬即逝的

(A) perennial 終年的；長久的

形容詞，指持續很久的，或反覆發生的。在植物學中指多年生植物。

常用片語： a perennial problem（長期存在的問題）、perennial favorites（長久以來受歡迎的事物）

例句： Lack of resources is a perennial problem for this small school.

資源匱乏是這所小學校長期存在的問題。

同義詞： enduring, everlasting

反義詞： temporary, short-lived

(B) austere 簡樸的；嚴厲的

形容詞，指生活艱苦、沒有裝飾，或形容人嚴肅且不苟言笑。

常用片語： an austere lifestyle（簡樸的生活方式）、austere economic measures（嚴厲的經濟緊縮措施）

例句： The monks live a very austere life dedicated to prayer.

僧侶們過著致力於祈禱的極其簡樸的生活。

同義詞： simple, harsh

反義詞： luxurious, ornate

形容詞，指對待競爭對手或敵人展現出寬大的胸懷。

常用片語： a magnanimous gesture（寬宏大量的姿態）、be magnanimous in victory（贏得勝利後展現風度）

例句： He was magnanimous enough to forgive his former enemies.

他心胸寬大，足以原諒他以前的敵人。

同義詞： generous, charitable

反義詞： petty, spiteful

(D) ephemeral 短暫的；轉瞬即逝的

這是正確答案。形容詞，原指生命週期極短的生物，現常用於形容曇花一現的事物。

常用片語： ephemeral fame（短暫的名聲）、ephemeral pleasures（轉瞬即逝的快樂）

例句： Social media fame is often ephemeral, fading as quickly as it appears.

社群媒體上的名聲通常很短暫，消失的速度跟出現時一樣快。

同義詞： transient, fleeting

反義詞： permanent, eternal

8. His persistent and provocative comments were intended to ________ a strong reaction from the conservative audience members.

(A) allay

(B) condone

(D) instigate

【解析】

句意為「他那持續且具挑釁性的言論，目的是為了_______保守派聽眾產生強烈的反應。」

語境中「provocative（挑釁性的）」顯示其目的在於「煽動」或「激起」某種負面或強烈的反應，故正確答案為

(D) instigate 煽動；激起

(A) allay 減輕；使平靜

動詞，通常用於減輕恐懼、疑慮或疼痛，使某種負面情緒緩和。

常用片語： allay fears（消除恐懼）、allay suspicions（平息懷疑）

例句： The government tried to allay public fears about the new virus.

政府試圖減輕大眾對於新病毒的恐懼。

同義詞： alleviate, soothe

反義詞： intensify, worsen

(B) condone 寬恕；縱容

動詞，指對錯誤或違法行為視而不見，或默許其發生。

常用片語： condone violence（縱容暴力）、cannot condone such behavior（不能容許這種行為）

例句： The school does not condone bullying in any form.

學校不容許任何形式的霸凌行為。

同義詞： excuse, overlook

反義詞： condemn, punish

動詞，這是一個非常特殊的單字。歷史原意是「將某人扔出窗外」，現代政治或商務隱喻中指「將某人撤職」或「拋棄某個想法」。

常用片語： be defenestrated from power（被趕下台）

例句： The CEO was effectively defenestrated after the massive financial loss.

在巨大的財務損失後，執行長實際上被踢出了決策圈。

同義詞： oust, dismiss

反義詞： appoint, install

(D) instigate 煽動；激起

這是正確答案。動詞，指發起某種行動（通常是壞事）或挑起某種情緒反應。

常用片語： instigate a riot（煽動暴亂）、instigate a search（發起搜索）

They were accused of trying to instigate a rebellion against the government.

他們被指控企圖煽動反對政府的叛亂。

同義詞： provoke, kindle

反義詞： suppress, halt

The CEO’s authoritative and ________ style of leadership discouraged any constructive feedback from the junior employees.

(A) amorphous

(B) amiable

(D) erudite

【解析】句意為「執行長那種權威且_______的領導風格，打消了基層員工提出任何建設性回饋的念頭。」語境中「authoritative（權威的）」以及「discouraged feedback（阻礙回饋）」顯示這種領導風格是強硬、不容異議且獨裁的，故正確答案為 (C) dictatorial 獨裁的；專橫的

(A) amorphous 無定形的；雜亂的形容詞，指沒有明確形狀、結構或性格特徵的事物。

an amorphous mass（無定形的團塊）、amorphous ideas（模糊不清的想法）

The project was still in an amorphous stage and needed more structure. 這個計畫仍處於雛形階段，需要更多的架構。

同義詞： shapeless, formless 反義詞： structured, definite

(B) amiable 和藹可親的；友好的

形容詞，形容人性格溫和、好相處。

an amiable person（和藹的人）、amiable conversation（愉快的交談）

She had an amiable personality that made everyone feel at ease. 她有著和藹可親的個性，讓每個人都感到自在。

同義詞 affable, friendly 反義詞： hostile, surly

形容詞，源自「dictator（獨裁者）」，指喜歡發號施令且不接受他人意見。

a dictatorial regime（獨裁政權）、dictatorial power（獨裁權力）

His dictatorial manner made him very unpopular with his colleagues. 他那專橫的態度使他在同事間非常不受歡迎。

同義詞： tyrannical, overbearing 反義詞： democratic, humble

(D) erudite 博學的；深奧的形容詞，形容人擁有廣博的知識，通常是透過大量閱讀和研究獲得。

an erudite scholar（博學的學者）、erudite discussion（深刻博學的討論） he professor delivered an erudite lecture on medieval history. 教授就中世紀歷史發表了一場博學精闢的講座。

同義詞： learned, scholarly 反義詞： ignorant, uneducated

10. The scientist’s revolutionary theory was initially met with skepticism, as it seemed ________ to the established laws of physics.

(A) anomalous

(B) homogeneous

(D) fortuitous

【解析】

句意為「這位科學家的革命性理論最初遭到懷疑，因為它似乎與既有的物理定律相_______。」

語境中「revolutionary（革命性的）」、「skepticism（懷疑）」以及「established laws（既有定律）」顯示這個新理論與傳統認知不符，呈現出一種「反常」或「不規則」的狀態，故正確答案為

(A) anomalous 反常的；不規則的

這是正確答案。形容詞，指偏離常態、標準或預期的現象。

an anomalous situation（反常的情況）、anomalous data（異常數據）

The researchers were unable to explain the anomalous results of the experiment.

研究人員無法解釋實驗中出現的反常結果。

同義詞： abnormal, irregular

反義詞： normal, typical

(B) homogeneous 同性質的；同類的

形容詞，指由相同種類、成分或性質的人或物所組成的。

a homogeneous society（同質性社會）、homogeneous mixture（均質混合物）

The population of the island is relatively homogeneous.

這個島嶼的人口組成相對單一。

同義詞： uniform, consistent

反義詞： heterogeneous, diverse

形容詞，指行為舉止符合社交禮儀、得體且端正。

decorous behavior（端莊的行為）、maintain a decorous silence（保持得體的沉默）

We were expected to be on our best, most decorous behavior at the gala.

我們被要求在晚宴上要表現得最得體、端莊。

同義詞： proper, polite

反義詞： indecorous, improper

(D) fortuitous 偶然的；幸運的

形容詞，指並非刻意安排、純屬巧合而發生的好事。

a fortuitous meeting（巧遇）、fortuitous circumstances（幸運的情況）

The timing of the meeting was fortuitous, as everyone happened to be free.

會議的時間安排得真巧，剛好每個人都有空。

同義詞： accidental, lucky

反義詞： intentional, planned

Hostile architecture, also known as defensive design, refers to urban environments constructed to restrict certain behaviors, particularly those of marginalized populations. While city planners argue that these slanted benches and metal studs are mere safety measures, critics suggest that they represent a ___11___ move to sanitize public spaces. Such designs do not solve the root causes of homelessness; rather, they simply ___12___ the public eye. ___13___ by the apparent order of the city, many citizens remain oblivious to how these structures ___14___ the fundamental right to the city. Furthermore, the psychological impact of these “unpleasant” designs is ___15___, as they foster an atmosphere of exclusion rather than community. ___16___ as it may seem to some, the exclusionary intent of such design is nonetheless felt by those ___17___ to deter. In the face of increasing urbanization, the question of whether our streets should be inclusive or exclusive remains ___18___. Ultimately, urban design will continue to be a battlefield where social values are hashed out.

11.(A) felicitous(B) clandestine(C) benevolent(D) whimsical

12.

(A) aggravate the symptoms of it in

(B) reconcile the differences between

(D) render it invisible by shifting it from

13.

(A) Lulled into a false sense of security

(B) To be lulled into a false sense of security

(D) Having lulled into a false sense of security

14.

(A) bear witness to

(B) militate against

(D) take umbrage at

15.(A) innocuous(B) gregarious(C) pernicious(D) loquacious

16.(A) Necessary(B) Necessarily(C) With necessity(D) Necessitate

17.(A) who seek(B) sought(C) seeking(D) it seeks

18.

(A) shrouded in mystery

(B) resolved through dialogue

(D) devoid of controversy

【解析】

11. (B) clandestine 祕密的；暗中的

句意：雖然都市規劃者主張這些傾斜的長椅和金屬釘僅是安全措施，但批評者指出，它們代表了一種「___」的行動，旨在淨化公共空間。

語境分析：文意在對比規劃者的「說法」與背後「真正的意圖」，這種意圖通常是不明說、隱藏在設計之後的，故選 (B)。

常用短句： a clandestine meeting（祕密會議）

例句： The group held several clandestine meetings to plan the protest.

（該團體舉行了幾次祕密會議來策劃抗議活動。）

同義詞： secret, covert / 反義詞： overt, public

12. (D) render it invisible by shifting it from

句意：這類設計並未解決流浪漢問題的根源；相反地，它們只是藉由轉移流浪漢的位置，使大眾「___」。

語境分析：敵意建築（如在長椅加裝扶手）是為了讓流浪漢無法睡在公共場域，從而讓大眾「看不見」問題，而非解決問題，故選 (D)。

常用片語： render something + adj.（使某物變得…）

例句： The new law might render the previous contract invalid.

（新法律可能會使之前的合約失效。）

13. (A) Lulled into a false sense of security

句意：由於「___」城市表面的秩序，許多市民依然察覺不到這些結構如何侵害城市權。

語境分析：本題考分詞構句。市民是「被」這種表象所麻痺、哄騙，因此使用被動分詞 P.P. 開頭，故選 (A)。

常用片語： be lulled into something（被哄騙進入某種狀態）

例句： The calm sea lulled the sailors into a false sense of security.

（平靜的海面使水手們產生了一種虛假的安全感。）

14. (B) militate against 產生不利影響；妨礙

句意：許多市民依然察覺不到這些結構如何「___」城市權這一基本權利。

語境分析：敵意建築是與「城市權（Right to the city）」相衝突、對其產生阻礙的，故選 (B)。

常用短句： militate against success（妨礙成功）

例句： Her lack of experience will militate against her getting the job.

（她缺乏經驗將會妨礙她獲得這份工作。）

同義詞： hinder, counteract / 反義詞： facilitate, support

15. (C) pernicious 有害的；致命的

句意：此外，這些「令人不悅」的設計所產生的心理影響是「___」的，因為它們營造的是排外而非社群的氛圍。

語境分析：根據後文「排除（exclusion）」而非「社群（community）」，可推知影響是負面且有害的，故選 (C)。

常用片語： the pernicious effects of something（某事物的有害影響）

The pernicious influence of social media on teenagers is a growing concern.

（社群媒體對青少年的有害影響正日益受到關注。）

同義詞： harmful, damaging / 反義詞： beneficial, harmless

16. (A) Necessary 必要的

句意：「___」對某些人而言可能是必要的，但這種設計的排外意圖仍會被那些被排除的人感受到。

語境分析：此處為「Adj. + as it may seem（雖然看起來很…）」的讓步子句用法。主詞為「the exclusionary intent」，形容詞應為 necessary。

例句： Difficult as it may seem, we must finish the task on time.

（雖然這看起來很困難，但我們必須準時完成任務。）

17. (B) sought 被尋求的（此處指「被鎖定」的人）

句意：這種排外意圖仍會被那些這種設計「___」要阻嚇（deter）的人感受到。

語境分析：此處為形容詞子句簡化，修飾「those」。完整的句子是 those whom it (the design) seeks to deter，簡化後以被動 P.P. 修飾那些「被目標鎖定要驅逐的人」，故選 (B)。

例句： The solutions sought by the committee were eventually rejected.

（委員會所尋求的解決方案最終被否決了。）

18. (C) fraught with tension 充滿緊張（衝突）

句意：面對日益增長的都市化，我們的街道應是包容還是排外，這個問題依然「___」。

語境分析：最後一段提到設計是「戰場（battlefield）」，表示包容與排外之間存在巨大的爭議與衝突，故選 (C)。

常用片語： fraught with danger/difficulties（充滿危險/困難）

例句： The negotiations were fraught with tension from the very beginning.

（談判從一開始就充滿了緊張氣氛。）

同義詞： full of, charged with / 反義詞： devoid of, empty of

第 11 題

(A) felicitous 貼切的；恰當的

形容詞，指言辭或行為非常得體，能帶來愉悅感。

常用片語： a felicitous remark（得體的談話）、felicitous phrasing（恰當的措辭）

例句： The chairman made a few felicitous remarks that put everyone at ease.（主席講了幾句得體的話，讓大家都放鬆了下來。）

同義詞： appropriate, apt / 反義詞： inappropriate, awkward

形容詞，形容人或組織心地善良，樂於助人。

常用片語： a benevolent smile（仁慈的微笑）、a benevolent organization（慈善機構）

例句： The company is known for its benevolent treatment of its employees.（這間公司以善待員工聞名。）

同義詞： kind, charitable / 反義詞： malevolent, cruel

(D) whimsical 異想天開的；反覆無常的

形容詞，指充滿想像力且古怪有趣，或指情緒變化快。

常用片語： a whimsical sense of humor（古怪幽默感）、whimsical design（異想天開的設計）

例句： The garden was decorated with whimsical stone statues of animals.（花園裡裝飾著一些異想天開的動物石像。）

同義詞： playful, eccentric / 反義詞： serious, practical

第 14 題

(A) bear witness to 見證；證實

動詞片語，指作為某事存在的證據或親眼目睹。

例句： The ruins bear witness to the splendor of the ancient civilization.（廢墟見證了古代文明的輝煌。）

動詞片語，指一件事的成功或結果完全依賴於另一因素。

例句： The success of the project hinges upon the approval of the budget.（計畫的成功取決於預算的核准。）

(D) take umbrage at 對…感到憤怒或不悅

動詞片語，指覺得受到冒犯而生氣。

例句： He took umbrage at the suggestion that his work was messy.（他對別人暗示他工作凌亂感到很不高興。）

第 15 題

(A) innocuous 無害的；不冒犯的

形容詞，指不會造成傷害，或言語溫和不傷人。

常用片語： an innocuous remark（無傷大雅的話）、an innocuous drug（無害的藥物）

例句： It seemed like an innocuous question, but it made her very nervous.（那看似是個無害的問題，卻讓她非常緊張。）

同義詞： harmless, safe / 反義詞： harmful, toxic

(B) gregarious 愛社交的；群居的

形容詞，形容人喜歡交際，或指動物成群結隊。（同前述第 3 題）

(D) loquacious 多話的；喋喋不休的

形容詞，指人說話很多且不停。（同前述第 3 題）

第 18 題

(A) shrouded in mystery 籠罩在神祕之中

形容詞片語，形容某事完全不為人所知。

例句： The origin of the ancient map remains shrouded in mystery.（這張古地圖的起源依然是個謎。）

(B) resolved through dialogue 透過對話解決

動詞片語，指雙方透過溝通達成共識。

例句： We hope that the international conflict can be resolved through dialogue.（我們希望這場國際衝突能透過對話解決。）

(D) devoid of controversy 毫無爭議

形容詞片語，指某事被大眾普遍接受，沒有異議。

例句： His promotion was surprisingly devoid of controversy.（他的升職出人意料地毫無爭議。）

In the contemporary digital landscape, the phenomenon of echo chambers has fundamentally altered the way individuals process information. At the heart of this issue lies “cognitive dissonance,” a psychological state that occurs when one’s deeply held beliefs are challenged by ___19___ evidence. To avoid the mental discomfort associated with this state, many users subconsciously seek out environments that ___20___ their existing worldviews. Algorithmic curation, far from being a neutral tool, acts as an unintended ___21___ for these biases, filtering out dissenting voices and creating a distorted reality. This selective exposure ensures that the internal consistency of an individual’s ideological framework remains undisturbed.

When confronted with facts that threaten their identity, individuals often resort to ___22___ reasoning. This sophisticated defense mechanism allows them to dismiss valid data as mere propaganda without further reflection. The tendency toward isolation is further ___23___ by the unprecedented speed of social media. In the relentless race for virality, emotional outrage often ___24___ logical analysis. Consequently, the possibility of genuine democratic deliberation is severely ___25___. Instead of engaging in civil discourse, users become increasingly ___26___ within their respective ideological silos, viewing opponents as existential threats.

Critics argue that the tech industry has been ___27___ in its failure to address these systemic flaws. By prioritizing engagement metrics over the health of the public sphere, platforms have weakened the foundation of shared truth. Rather than fostering an open marketplace of ideas, these digital systems inadvertently create an environment that ___28___ extremism. For educators, the primary challenge is to teach students to ___29___ the seductive comfort of the familiar. They must be encouraged to ___30___ the complexities of a multifaceted truth to become responsible citizens. Only through such rigorous critical literacy can we hope to dismantle the invisible walls of the digital echo chamber.

(A) corroborated (B) bolster (C) recalcitrant (D) catalyst (E) contradictory

(AB) grapple with (AC) exacerbated (AD) circumscribed (AE) ineffable

(BC) remiss (BD) engenders (BE) supplants (CD) steer clear of (CE) motivated

【解析】

文意解析與詞彙應用

第一段：認知失調與演算法的作用

當個人深信的觀點受到矛盾的 (contradictory) 證據挑戰時，會產生「認知失調」。為了逃避這種心理不適，使用者會潛意識地尋找能支持/增強 (bolster) 現有世界觀的環境。演算法並非中立，它扮演了偏見的催化劑 (catalyst)，過濾掉異議，讓人的思想架構保持不受干擾的狀態。

第二段：心理防衛機制與社會影響

面對威脅身分認同的事實時，人們常求助於受動機啟發的 (motivated) 推理（即「動機性推理」，指為了達到特定結論而進行的偏頗思考）。社群媒體的傳播速度加劇 (exacerbated) 了這種孤立傾向。在追求病毒式傳播的過程中，情緒憤怒往往取代 (supplants) 了邏輯分析。

這導致真正的民主審議受到嚴格限制 (circumscribed)。使用者不再進行理性對話，而是在各自的思想堡壘中變得頑固不化 (recalcitrant)，將異見者視為生存威脅。

第三段：科技產業責任與教育挑戰

批評者認為科技產業在處理這些系統性缺陷方面表現疏忽 (remiss)。由於優先考慮參與度指標（如點閱率），平台無意中創造了產生 (engenders) 極端主義的環境。對於教育者而言，挑戰在於教導學生避開 (steer clear of) 舒適區的誘惑，並鼓勵他們去努力理解/解決 (grapple with) 複雜且多元的真相，以成為負責任的公民。

The historical evolution of the “piazza” or public square reflects the shifting priorities of civil society over centuries. Traditionally, these open spaces served as the vital organs of a city, facilitating spontaneous social interaction and political discourse. ___31___ However, with the advent of rapid industrialization, the primary function of urban centers began to pivot toward efficiency and commerce. This shift often resulted in the marginalization of communal areas in favor of infrastructure designed for transit and production. In the late twentieth century, the rise of “privately owned public spaces” (POPS) introduced a new layer of complexity to urban geography. While these areas appear to be accessible to all, they are often subject to subtle forms of exclusionary management. ___32___ For instance, the strategic placement of uncomfortable seating or the pervasive presence of surveillance cameras can effectively deter the “undesirable” demographics. Consequently, the democratic ideal of the square as a place for all citizens is being eroded by corporate interests. ___33___ They argue that without these public-private partnerships, many urban cores would simply descend into a state of dereliction and decay. Furthermore, the digital revolution has prompted a radical reevaluation of what constitutes a “gathering place.” As social media platforms become the primary venues for debate, the physical square may seem increasingly redundant. ___34___ From this perspective, the sensory experience of being physically present with others creates a unique form of social cohesion that a screen cannot replicate. This “analog” connection acts as a necessary buffer against the atomization of modern life. Looking ahead, the challenge for urban planners is to harmonize these competing forces. ___35___ By reclaiming underutilized land and fostering inclusive design, cities can ensure that the public realm remains a vibrant catalyst for human connection. As we navigate an increasingly fragmented world, the preservation of these shared spaces is not merely an aesthetic choice, but a fundamental prerequisite for a healthy democracy.

(A) They were the inclusive stages where the diverse threads of urban life were woven together.

(B) Nevertheless, some scholars maintain that physical proximity remains an indispensable element of the human experience.

(C) This requires a strategic shift toward sustainable development that prioritizes the needs of diverse communities over purely commercial interests.

(D) Proponents of this model, however, contend that private investment is essential for urban revitalization.

(E) Therefore, the complete eradication of physical squares is an inevitable outcome of technological progress.

(AB) Such subtle environmental cues serve to enforce a regime of social segregation without explicit prohibition.

(AC) Likewise, traditionalists vehemently reject the notion that digital spaces could ever replace the authenticity of the piazza.

【解析】

31. 傳統廣場的功能 (A)

文章開頭描述傳統廣場是城市的「重要器官」，促進社交與政治對話。選項 (A) 延續此脈絡，說明這些廣場是包容性的舞台 (inclusive stages)，將城市生活的多元面貌交織在一起。

32. 私有公共空間 (POPS) 的隱性排除 (AB)

文中提到監視器或不舒適的座椅（如：防遊民長椅）會排擠特定人群。選項 (AB) 指出這些細微的環境暗示 (environmental cues) 在沒有明確禁令的情況下，實際上執行了社會隔離 (social segregation)。

33. 企業介入的辯護 (D)

前一段批評企業利益侵蝕民主理想，緊接著選項 (D) 使用了 “however” (然而) 進行轉折。支持者認為，若沒有這些公私部門合作 (public-private partnerships)，許多城市核心區會陷入荒廢。

34. 實體空間與數位空間的抗衡 (B)

雖然數位平台正取代實體廣場成為辯論場域，但選項 (B) 指出身體的親近性 (physical proximity) 仍是人類經驗中不可或缺的元素，這種「類比式」的連接能緩解現代生活的孤立感。

注意：選項 (AC) 雖也提到數位與實體的差異，但選項 (B) 的語氣更符合後文提到的「社交凝聚力」與「緩衝」功能。

35. 未來都市規劃的挑戰 (C)

最後一段提到規劃者需要協調各種衝突力量。選項 (C) 提供了解決方案：這需要一種戰略性轉變 (strategic shift)，優先考慮多元社群的需求而非純粹的商業利益，以確保公共領域能持續促進人類連結。

補充詞彙

• Dereliction (n.): 荒廢、棄置。

• Atomization (n.): 原子化（指社會關係疏離，個人變得孤立）。

• Pervasive (adj.): 遍布的、充斥各處的。

• Marginalization (n.): 邊緣化。

這篇文章的核心在於提醒我們：公共空間的保存不只是美學問題，更是健全民主的基本前提 (fundamental prerequisite for a healthy democracy)。

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity, often associated with the influential work of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, suggests that the specific structures of a language profoundly influence the way its speakers think. This concept is not a forgotten relic of the past; instead, it has seen a significant revival in modern cognitive science. Critics initially rejected “strong” linguistic determinism—the idea that language acts as an inescapable limit on thought—as an overly simple model. However, modern supporters of “weak” relativity argue that language functions as a constant tool, a subtle yet persistent lens through which we organize and prioritize what we perceive. Consider, for instance, the differences in how languages describe space. While speakers of English mostly use a system based on their own body (left, right, front, back), certain indigenous cultures, such as the Guugu Yimithirr of Australia, use cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) exclusively. Research has shown that speakers of the latter have an extraordinary sense of direction, maintaining a constant internal compass even in windowless rooms. This suggests that the mandatory rules of their language force them to pay constant attention to environmental cues that English speakers might otherwise find temporary or unimportant. The cognitive effects extend beyond space into the domain of time. In languages where the past and present are combined or treated with subtle grammatical changes, speakers may view time as a whole. In contrast, languages with strict tense structures might create a more segmented, linear view of history. Furthermore, the gendered categorization of objects in many languages has been shown to subtly affect how people perceive those objects. A bridge, described as feminine in German but masculine in Spanish, may be characterized by German speakers as “elegant,” while Spanish speakers might perceive it as “strong.” Despite these interesting findings, the debate remains controversial. Skeptics argue that these cognitive differences are minor and that the basic structure of the human mind is universal, based on a shared biological foundation. They posit that while language may make certain types of thought easier, it does not prevent the ability to understand ideas for which a specific word is missing. Nevertheless, research into linguistic relativity serves as a crucial reminder of the close connection between culture, language, and thought. It suggests that our mental world is a complex map shaped by the different languages we speak.

36. According to the first paragraph, what is the main difference between “strong” linguistic determinism and “weak” relativity?

(A) The former focuses on the history of language, while the latter emphasizes how we use it today.

(B) The former sees language as a total limit on thought, while the latter sees it as a subtle influence.

(D) The former suggests that physical senses are not important, while the latter says language has no effect.

37. Which of the following best describes the extraordinary ability of the Guugu Yimithirr people mentioned in the text?

(A) A constant and accurate awareness of their physical direction required by their language structure.

(B) A better memory for past events because of the complex grammar rules in their native language.

(D) A biological change that lets them see better in the dark compared to speakers of English or Spanish.

38. Based on the passage, what can be inferred about how people perceive objects in languages that have gender (masculine/feminine)?

(A) Speakers are aware of their bias and try to ignore it when they are speaking formally.

(B) Speakers of Romance languages have a more fixed view of social gender roles than others.

(D) The characteristics people associate with an object often match the grammatical gender in their language.

39. Why does the author mention “windowless rooms” in the second paragraph?

(A) To show that environmental cues are the only way humans can find their way around.

(B) To argue that using North/South directions is less effective when people are indoors.

(D) To explain why indigenous cultures prefer to build houses that face a specific direction.

40. What is the main argument used by skeptics against linguistic relativity in the final paragraph?

(A) Cultural differences are so large that it is impossible to create a universal theory of the mind.

(B) Language is just a product of culture and does not have any measurable effect on brain development.

(C) The human mind has a universal foundation that allows people to understand concepts even if they lack a specific word.

(D) Research is not reliable because it depends too much on what people say about their own feelings.

【解析】

36. (B) The former sees language as a total limit on thought, while the latter sees it as a subtle influence.

根據第一段，強烈型（strong）的語言決定論認為語言是思想「不可逃避的限制（inescapable limit）」，而微弱型（weak）相對論則認為語言是「微妙且持續的透鏡（subtle yet persistent lens）」，用來組織與優先處理知覺。

37. (A) A constant and accurate awareness of their physical direction required by their language structure.

文中指出澳洲的 Guugu Yimithirr 族人只使用「絕對方位」（北、南、東、西）而非相對方位（左、右）。這種語言規則強制他們必須隨時注意環境特徵，使他們即便在無窗的房間內也能保有強大的內部羅盤。

38. (D) The characteristics people associate with an object often match the grammatical gender in their language.

範例提到「橋」在德文中是陰性，德語使用者傾向形容其「優雅（elegant）」；在西班牙文中是陽性，西語使用者則形容其「強壯（strong）」。這說明人們對物體的感知特徵與該語言的語法性別高度相關。

39. (C) To prove that the linguistic habit of tracking direction works even without external visual signs.

提及「無窗房間（windowless rooms）」是為了強調這種導航能力已經內化為一種認知習慣。即便沒有陽光或地標等外部視覺線索，語言結構養成的習慣仍能讓他們維持方位感。

40. (C) The human mind has a universal foundation that allows people to understand concepts even if they lack a specific word.

最後一段提到懷疑論者的觀點，他們認為人類心智結構是**普世的（universal）**且基於共同的生物基礎。雖然語言讓某種思考變得「容易」，但並不會「阻止」人類理解那些在特定語言中缺乏對應詞彙的概念。

重點詞彙對照

• Linguistic Relativity (n.): 語言相對論。

• Cognitive Science (n.): 認知科學。

• Cardinal directions (n.): 基本方位（北、南、東、西）。

• Linear (adj.): 線性的。

• Universal (adj.): 普世的、通用的。

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