1. Although the theory initially appeared ______ to mainstream scholars, who dismissed it as overly abstract, it later gained acceptance as empirical evidence began to accumulate.
(A) tenable(B) esoteric(C) orthodox(D) pragmatic
【解析】
儘管這個理論最初在主流學者看來似乎非常 _______，被他們斥為過於抽象，但隨著實證證據的累積，它後來獲得了認可。
解題思路：句首的 Although 提示了語意的轉折。後半句提到學者將其斥為 overly abstract（過於抽象），且最初與後來獲得認可形成對比。因此，空格應填入一個與「抽象、難懂、非主流」相關的詞彙。故正確答案為 (B) esoteric。
(A) tenable 站得住腳的；易於守衛的。
a tenable position（站得住腳的立場）。
His theory is no longer tenable in the light of recent discoveries.
（鑑於最近的發現，他的理論已不再站得住腳。）
同義詞：defensible, plausible。反義詞：untenable, unjustifiable。
(B) esoteric 只有少數人懂的；深奧難懂的。
esoteric knowledge（深奧的知識）。
The specialist explained the esoteric details of the quantum theory.
（專家解釋了量子理論中深奧難懂的細節。）
同義詞：obscure, abstruse。反義詞：common, familiar。
(C) orthodox 正統的；傳統的；普遍接受的。
orthodox medicine（正統醫學）
He challenged the orthodox views on education.
（他挑戰了關於教育的正統觀點。）
同義詞：traditional, conventional。反義詞：unorthodox, radical。
(D) pragmatic 務實的；重實效的。
a pragmatic approach（務實的做法）。
We need to take a pragmatic stance toward the problem.（我們需要對這個問題採取務實的立場。）
同義詞：practical, realistic。反義詞：idealistic, impractical。
2. Because the manager failed to anticipate the market shift, and instead relied on outdated data, his strategy was widely regarded as ______.
(A) prescient
(B) imprudent
(C) meticulous
(D) judicious
【解析】
因為經理未能預見市場轉向，反而依賴過時的數據，他的策略被廣泛認為是 _______。
解題思路：句首的 Because 引導原因，提到經理「failed to anticipate（未能預見）」且「relied on outdated data（依賴過時數據）」，這代表他的行為缺乏眼光或不夠謹慎。因此，空格應填入一個負面評價的詞彙，用來形容這種失策。故正確答案為 (B) imprudent。
(A) prescient 有先見之明的。
a prescient warning（有先見之明的警告）。
Her predictions about the stock market proved to be remarkably prescient.（她對股市的預測證明極具先見之明。）
同義詞：prophetic, clairvoyant。反義詞：unforesighted, nearsighted。
(B) imprudent 輕率的；不謹慎的。
an imprudent investment（不謹慎的投資）。
It would be imprudent to resign from your job before find a new one.（還沒找到新工作就辭職是很不謹慎的。）
同義詞：unwise, reckless。反義詞：prudent, cautious。
(C) meticulous 一絲不苟的；細心的。
meticulous attention to detail（對細節的一絲不苟）。
He is meticulous about keeping his room clean.
（他對保持房間整潔非常細心。）
同義詞：thorough, precise。反義詞：careless, sloppy。
(D) judicious 明智的；審慎而明辨的。
a judicious use of resources（資源的明智利用）。
We should make a judicious decision after considering all options.（
在考慮所有選項後，我們應該做出明智的決定。）
同義詞：sensible, wise。反義詞：injudicious, foolish。
3. While her tone seemed polite on the surface, the underlying message was so ______ that several participants felt subtly insulted.
(A) conciliatory
(B) benign
(C) caustic
(D) deferential
【解析】
雖然她的語氣表面上看起來很有禮貌，但背後隱含的信息卻如此 _______，以至於幾位參與者感到隱約受到了侮辱。
解題思路：句首的 While（雖然）提示了表裡不一的對比。表面上「polite（有禮貌）」，但結果卻是「felt subtly insulted（感到隱約受辱）」。因此，空格應填入一個形容言詞「刻薄、諷刺、傷人」的詞彙。故正確答案為 (C) caustic。
(A) conciliatory 願意和解的；安撫的。
a conciliatory gesture（和解的姿態）。
The president’s speech was conciliatory in tone to avoid further conflict.
（總統的演講語氣溫和，以避免進一步的衝突。）
同義詞：mollifying, placatory。反義詞：antagonistic, aggressive。
(B) benign 慈祥的；良性的；無害的。
a benign tumor（良性腫瘤）。
The old man had a benign smile that made everyone feel at ease.
（老人慈祥的微笑讓每個人都感到自在。）
同義詞：harmless, kind。反義詞：malignant, harmful。
(C) caustic 刻薄的；譏諷的；腐蝕性的。
caustic remarks（刻薄的話）。
His caustic wit often offended people, even when he didn’t mean to.
（他那刻薄的幽默感經常得罪人，即便他並非故意的。）
同義詞：sarcastic, biting。反義詞：sweet, complimentary。
(D) deferential 恭敬的；尊重的。
a deferential attitude（恭敬的態度）。
The young staff treated the veteran professor with a deferential manner.（
年輕職員以恭敬的態度對待這位資深教授。）
同義詞：respectful, reverent。反義詞：disrespectful, insolent。
4. Even though the report was presented as objective, its selective use of data suggests that the conclusions may have been deliberately ______.
(A) substantiated
(B) distorted
(C) clarified
(D) corroborated
【解析】
儘管這份報告是以客觀的形式呈現，但其對數據的選擇性使用顯示，結論可能已被故意 _______。
解題思路：句首的 Even though（儘管）提示了轉折關係。雖然表面上是 objective（客觀的），但後半句提到 selective use of data（選擇性使用數據），這通常意味著資訊被操縱或偏頗。因此，空格應填入一個代表「扭曲」或「歪曲」的詞彙。故正確答案為 (B) distorted。
(A) substantiated 證實；證明。
substantiate a claim（證實一項主張）。
We have little evidence to substantiate the allegations against him.
（我們幾乎沒有證據能證實對他的指控。）
同義詞：verify, prove。反義詞：disprove, refute。
(B) distorted 扭曲的；歪曲的。
distort the truth（歪曲事實）。
The newspaper was accused of publishing a distorted account of the events.（該報被指控發布了對事件的歪曲報導。）
同義詞：misrepresent, falsify。反義詞：straighten, clarify。
(C) clarified 澄清；闡明。
clarify a position（澄清立場）。
The teacher clarified the instructions to ensure everyone understood the task.（老師闡明了指令以確保每個人都理解這項任務。）
同義詞：explain, illuminate。反義詞：confuse, obscure。
(D) corroborated 證實；支持。
corroborate a story（證實說法）。
Recent research results have corroborated his earlier findings.
（最近的研究結果證實了他早期的發現。）
同義詞：confirm, validate。反義詞：contradict, deny。
5. Since the politician had long cultivated an image of integrity, the sudden scandal, which exposed his hidden dealings, appeared particularly ______.
(A) inconsequential
(B) incongruous
(C) inevitable
(D) contradictory
【解析】這道題目考驗的是對語意邏輯一致性與對比現象的理解。
題目中譯：由於這位政治家長期塑造正直的形象，這場揭露他秘密交易的突發醜聞，顯得格外 _______。
句首的 Since（由於）說明了背景，該政治家擁有 integrity（正直）的形象。然而，後方的 scandal（醜聞）與 hidden dealings（秘密交易）與其形象完全相反。這種「良好形象」與「負面真相」並列時，會產生一種「不協調、不相稱」的感覺。故正確答案為 (B) incongruous。
(A) inconsequential 不重要的；微不足道的。
an inconsequential error（微不足道的錯誤）。
The difference between the two prices is inconsequential.
（這兩種價格之間的差異微不足道。）
同義詞：insignificant, trivial。反義詞：important, significant。
(B) incongruous 不協調的；不相稱的。
an incongruous sight（不協調的景象）
It seems incongruous to have a modern skyscraper right next to a historic temple.（在古蹟寺廟旁蓋一座現代摩天大樓看起來很不協調。）
同義詞：inappropriate, out of place。反義詞：harmonious, consistent。
(C) inevitable 不可避免的；必然發生的。
an inevitable result（必然的結果）。
With the traffic so heavy, a delay is inevitable.
（交通如此擁擠，延誤是不可避免的。）
同義詞：unavoidable, certain。反義詞：avoidable, uncertain。
(D) contradictory 矛盾的；對立的。
contradictory evidence（矛盾的證據）。
The witnesses gave contradictory accounts of the accident.
（目擊者對這起事故提供了矛盾的說法。）
同義詞：conflicting, inconsistent。反義詞：consistent, compatible。
6. Although the instructions were technically accurate, they were so ______ in their wording that users found it difficult to implement them effectively.
(A) explicit
(B) ambiguous
(C) elaborate
(D) coherent
【解析】句意為「雖然說明書在技術上是準確的，但其用字遣詞如此_______，以至於使用者發現很難有效地執行。」
語境中出現 Although（雖然）引導讓步子句，表示前後語意對比。即便技術準確，但「難以執行」暗示文字表達不清楚、有歧義，故正確答案為
(B) ambiguous 模稜兩可的；含糊不清的
ambiguous wording（含糊的措辭）
an ambiguous reply（模稜兩可的答覆）
The ending of the movie was so ambiguous that everyone had a different interpretation.
這部電影的結局非常模糊，以至於每個人都有不同的解讀。
同義詞：vague, obscure
反義詞：clear, explicit
(A) explicit 明確的；詳盡的
explicit instructions（明確的指令）
be explicit about something（對某事說明清晰）
The teacher gave explicit directions on how to complete the project.
老師針對如何完成這項企劃給予了明確的指導。
同義詞：definite, specific
反義詞：implicit, ambiguous
(C) elaborate 精心製作的；複雜精細的
an elaborate scheme（周詳的計謀）
elaborate preparation（周全的準備）
They made elaborate preparations for the international conference.
他們為這次的國際會議做了精心的準備。
同義詞：detailed, complex
反義詞：simple, plain
(D) coherent 有條理的；連貫的
a coherent argument（條理分明的論點）
a coherent policy（連貫的政策）
He was so nervous that he failed to give a coherent account of what happened.
他太緊張了，以至於無法有條理地敘述發生了什麼事。
同義詞：logical, consistent
反義詞：incoherent, confused
7. As the negotiations progressed and both parties became increasingly rigid in their positions, the likelihood of reaching an agreement began to ______.
(A) escalate
(B) proliferate
(C) wane
(D) culminate
【解析】句意為「隨著談判的進行，雙方的立場變得越來越僵化，達成協議的可能性開始_______。」
語境顯示雙方立場趨於「僵化（rigid）」，這會導致達成協議的機會「減少」或「衰退」，故正確答案為
(C) wane 衰退；減少
on the wane（在衰退中）
wax and wane（月圓月缺；盛衰盈虧）
His influence within the company began to wane after the failed merger.
在合併失敗後，他在公司內的影響力開始衰退。
同義詞：decline, diminish
反義詞：wax, increase
(A) escalate 升級；擴大
escalate into a conflict（升級為衝突）
escalate the tension（加劇緊張局勢）
The minor argument quickly escalated into a full-blown street fight.
這場小爭執迅速升級為一場激烈的街頭鬥毆。
同義詞：intensify, expand
反義詞：diminish, decrease
(B) proliferate 激增；擴散
proliferate rapidly（迅速增殖）
the proliferation of nuclear weapons（核武擴散）
Small businesses have proliferated in the city center over the last few years.
過去幾年，市中心的小型企業大量增加。
同義詞：multiply, mushroom
反義詞：dwindle, decrease
(D) culminate 達到頂峰；以…告終
culminate in success（以成功告終）
culminate at the climax（在最高潮處結束）
The year-long protest culminated in the resignation of the prime minister.
這場長達一年的抗議活動最終以首相辭職告終。
同義詞：climax, conclude
反義詞：commence, start
8. While the proposal aimed to address systemic issues, its overly simplistic approach rendered it largely ______ in practice.
(A) viable
(B) ineffective
(C) comprehensive
(D) innovative
【解析】句意為「雖然該提案旨在解決系統性問題，但其過於簡化的方法使其在實踐中顯得非常_______。」
語境中出現 While（雖然）引導對比，前半句提到提案有宏大的目標，但後半句提到方法「過於簡化（overly simplistic）」，這通常會導致結果「不起作用」或「無效」，故正確答案為
(B) ineffective 無效的；不起作用的
render something ineffective（使某物變得無效）
an ineffective strategy（無效的策略）
The new law was criticized for being ineffective in curbing social media addiction.
新法律因無法有效遏止社群媒體成癮而受到批評。
同義詞：useless, futile
反義詞：effective, efficient
(A) viable 可行的；有望成功的
a viable alternative（可行的替代方案）
economically viable（在經濟上可行的）
The committee is looking for a viable solution to the parking problem.
委員會正在尋找解決停車問題的可行方案。
同義詞：feasible, workable
反義詞：unfeasible, impractical
(C) comprehensive 全面的；廣泛的
a comprehensive study（全面性的研究）
comprehensive insurance（綜合保險）
The guide provides a comprehensive list of all the local tourist attractions.
這本手冊提供了當地所有觀光景點的詳盡列表。
同義詞：inclusive, thorough
反義詞：limited, partial
(D) innovative 創新的；革新的
an innovative approach（創新的方法）
innovative technology（創新技術）
The company is known for its innovative designs and high-quality products.
這間公司以其創新的設計與高品質的產品聞名。
同義詞：creative, groundbreaking
反義詞：traditional, conservative
9. Because the witness had altered her testimony multiple times, and could not provide consistent details, her account was deemed ______ by the jury.
(A) credible
(B) plausible
(C) unreliable
(D) consistent
【解析】句意為「由於證人多次更改證詞，且無法提供一致的細節，她的說法被陪審團認為是_______。」
語境顯示證人「多次更改證詞（altered her testimony multiple times）」且「不一致（not provide consistent details）」，這代表她的話不可信，故正確答案為
(C) unreliable 不可靠的；不能信賴的
an unreliable witness（不可靠的證人）
highly unreliable（極度不可信的）
The weather forecast proved to be unreliable, as it rained despite the sun being predicted.
天氣預報證明是不可靠的，因為儘管預測有陽光，卻下雨了。
同義詞：undependable, untrustworthy
反義詞：reliable, dependable
(A) credible 可信的；可靠的
a credible threat（可靠的威脅）
gain credible evidence（獲得可信的證據）
The police found no credible evidence to support his claims.
警方沒有發現可靠的證據來支持他的說法。
同義詞：believable, trustworthy
反義詞：incredible, implausible
(B) plausible 貌似合理的；說得通的
a plausible explanation（合理的解釋）
sound plausible（聽起來有道理）
Her story sounded plausible at first, but later we found many contradictions.
她的故事起初聽起來很合理，但後來我們發現了許多矛盾之處。
同義詞：reasonable, logical
反義詞：implausible, unlikely
(D) consistent 一致的；始終如一的
be consistent with something（與某事一致）
remain consistent（保持一致）
His results are consistent with the findings of earlier studies.
他的研究結果與早期研究的發現是一致的。
同義詞：constant, uniform
反義詞：inconsistent, contradictory
10. Although he claimed to be indifferent to criticism, his defensive reactions, which often escalated minor disagreements, suggested a rather ______ disposition.
(A) resilient
(B) magnanimous
(C) insecure
(D) impartial
【解析】句意為「雖然他聲稱對批評無動於衷，但他那經常將小分歧擴大化的防衛性反應，暗示了一種相當_______的性格。」
語境中出現 Although（雖然）引導對比，前半句說他表現得「不在乎（indifferent）」，但後半句提到他有「防衛性反應（defensive reactions）」，這通常源於內心的「不安全感」或「缺乏自信」，故正確答案為
(C) insecure 缺乏自信的；不牢靠的
feel insecure about something（對某事感到不安）
an insecure personality（缺乏安全感的性格）
He is very insecure about his appearance, so he hates having his picture taken.
他對自己的外貌很沒自信，所以他討厭被拍照。
同義詞：anxious, diffident
反義詞：confident, secure
(A) resilient 有韌性的；適應力強的
a resilient spirit（不屈不撓的精神）
remain resilient（保持韌性）
Children are often more resilient than adults when it comes to adapting to change.
在適應變化方面，孩子通常比成年人更有韌性。
同義詞：tough, flexible
反義詞：fragile, vulnerable
(B) magnanimous 寬宏大量的；度量大的
be magnanimous in defeat（輸得起；在失敗時展現風度）
a magnanimous gesture（寬宏大量的舉動）
The team was magnanimous in victory, praising their opponents for a hard-fought game.
該隊在獲勝時展現了風度，稱讚對手打了一場艱苦的比賽。
同義詞：generous, forgiving
反義詞：petty, mean
(D) impartial 公正的；無偏見的
an impartial judge（公正的法官）
give an impartial opinion（提供中立的意見）
A trial must be presided over by an impartial judge to ensure justice.
審判必須由公正的法官主持以確保正義。
同義詞：unbiased, neutral
反義詞：biased, prejudiced
11. Since the data set was incomplete and several variables were overlooked, any conclusions drawn from the study would be inherently ______.
(A) definitive
(B) speculative
(C) conclusive
(D) empirical
【解析】句意為「由於數據集不完整且忽略了多個變項，從這項研究中得出的任何結論在本質上都會是_______。」
語境顯示因為數據「不完整（incomplete）」且「被忽略（overlooked）」，所推論出的結果並非定論，而是帶有猜測性質的，故正確答案為
(B) speculative 投機的；推測性的
a speculative theory（推測性的理論）
purely speculative（純屬推測）
The report is based on speculative evidence rather than hard facts.
這份報告是基於推測性的證據，而非確鑿的事實。
同義詞：conjectural, hypothetical
反義詞：proven, factual
(A) definitive 最終的；決定性的
a definitive answer（明確的答案）
the definitive version（最終版本）
There is no definitive proof that the painting is a genuine Picasso.
目前還沒有決定性的證據證明這幅畫是畢卡索的真跡。
同義詞：decisive, final
反義詞：tentative, uncertain
(C) conclusive 確鑿的；結論性的
conclusive evidence（確鑿的證據）
hardly conclusive（難以定論）
The medical tests were not conclusive, so further examination is needed.
醫學檢驗結果並非確鑿無疑，因此需要進一步檢查。
同義詞：convincing, definitive
反義詞：inconclusive, ambiguous
(D) empirical 以經驗（或觀察）為依據的
empirical data（實驗數據）
empirical study（實證研究）
His theory is backed by empirical evidence collected over ten years.
他的理論得到了長達十年收集到的實證證據支持。
同義詞：observational, experimental
反義詞：theoretical, hypothetical
12. While the CEO’s speech was intended to reassure investors, its vague promises and lack of concrete plans made it sound decidedly ______.
(A) compelling
(B) perfunctory
(C) convincing
(D) substantive
【解析】句意為「雖然執行長的演講旨在安撫投資者，但其模糊的承諾與缺乏具體計畫，使其聽起來斷然是_______。」
語境中 While（雖然）暗示對比，執行長想安撫人心，但因為內容「模糊（vague）」且「缺乏具體計畫（lack of concrete plans）」，顯示這場演講只是敷衍了事、不具誠意，故正確答案為
(B) perfunctory 敷衍的；例行公事的
a perfunctory smile（敷衍的微笑）
in a perfunctory manner（以敷衍的態度）
The guard gave my ID a perfunctory glance and waved me through.
警衛隨便看了一眼我的身分證，就揮手讓我通過了。
同義詞：cursory, mechanical
反義詞：thorough, diligent
(A) compelling 令人信服的；引人入勝的
a compelling argument（令人信服的論點）
a compelling story（引人入勝的故事）
The evidence against him was so compelling that the jury found him guilty.
不利於他的證據非常有力，陪審團判定他有罪。
同義詞：persuasive, captivating
反義詞：boring, weak
(C) convincing 有說服力的；令人信服的
a convincing victory（壓倒性的勝利）
sound convincing（聽起來很有說服力）
She gave a convincing explanation for her absence from the meeting.
她為自己缺席會議提供了一個令人信服的解釋。
同義詞：credible, plausible
反義詞：unconvincing, doubtful
(D) substantive 實質的；真實的
substantive progress（實質性的進展）
substantive issues（實質性的問題）
The two leaders met for substantive talks on the peace process.
兩國領導人就和平進程進行了實質性會談。
同義詞：significant, essential
反義詞：superficial, trivial
13. Even though the artist rejected traditional forms, and sought to challenge aesthetic norms, his work was criticized as unnecessarily ______.
(A) experimental
(B) derivative
(C) obscure
(D) conventional
【解析】句意為「儘管這位藝術家拒絕傳統形式，並試圖挑戰美學規範，他的作品仍被批評為不必要的_______。」
語境中 Even though（儘管）引導對比，藝術家雖然想創新、挑戰規範，但如果作品表達得太過艱澀、難以理解，就會受到負面評論，故正確答案為
(C) obscure 晦澀難懂的；無名的
an obscure reference（晦澀的典故）
remain obscure（默默無聞）
The poet’s meaning was so obscure that even scholars struggled to interpret it.
這位詩人的詩意如此晦澀，連學者都難以解讀。
同義詞：ambiguous, vague
反義詞：clear, obvious
(A) experimental 實驗性的；試驗性的
experimental music（實驗音樂）
on an experimental basis（以實驗性質）
The studio is known for its experimental approach to filmmaking.
這間工作室以其實驗性的電影製作方法聞名。
同義詞：innovative, trial
反義詞：proven, traditional
(B) derivative 衍生出的；缺乏獨創性的
a derivative work（衍生作品）
be derivative of something（模仿某事物）
The critics panned the new movie for being derivative and predictable.
影評人抨擊這部新電影缺乏獨創性且劇情落入俗套。
同義詞：imitative, unoriginal
反義詞：original, innovative
(D) conventional 傳統的；習慣的
conventional wisdom（傳統觀念）
a conventional wedding（傳統婚禮）
She has a very conventional view of what a family should look like.
她對於家庭應該是什麼樣子有著非常傳統的觀點。
同義詞：traditional, standard
反義詞：unconventional, unusual
14. As the company expanded rapidly into international markets, its once cohesive corporate culture became increasingly ______, leading to internal conflicts.
(A) unified
(B) fragmented
(C) stable
(D) decentralized
【解析】句意為「隨著公司迅速擴張到國際市場，其曾經具有凝聚力的企業文化變得日益_______，導致了內部衝突。」
語境顯示公司在擴張後，原本「有凝聚力（cohesive）」的文化產生了變化，且因為導致了「內部衝突（internal conflicts）」，說明文化變得四分五裂、不再統一，故正確答案為
(B) fragmented 支離破碎的；分裂的
a fragmented society（分裂的社會）
become fragmented（變得破碎）
The retail market is highly fragmented, with many small players competing for customers.
零售市場非常分散，許多小商家都在爭奪客戶。
同義詞：divided, broken
反義詞：unified, integrated
(A) unified 統一的；一致的
a unified front（統一戰線）
unified standards（統一標準）
The diverse groups were unified by a common goal of protecting the environment.
不同的團體為了保護環境的共同目標而團結一致。
同義詞：united, integrated
反義詞：divided, fragmented
(C) stable 穩定的；穩固的
a stable economy（穩定的經濟）
remain stable（保持穩定）
The patient’s condition is stable following the surgery.
手術後病人的情況很穩定。
同義詞：steady, firm
反義詞：unstable, volatile
(D) decentralized 去中心化的；權力下放的
a decentralized system（分權系統）
decentralized decision-making（分權決策）
The company moved toward a decentralized structure to allow local managers more autonomy.
公司轉向去中心化的架構，以給予地方經理更多自主權。
同義詞：distributed, dispersed
反義詞：centralized, concentrated
15. Although the scholar’s argument was intricate and supported by extensive references, its overly dense structure made it largely ______ to general readers.
(A) accessible
(B) intelligible
(C) inscrutable
(D) transparent
【解析】句意為「雖然這位學者的論點錯綜複雜且有廣泛的參考資料支持，但其過於晦澀的結構使得一般讀者大抵上_______。」
語境中 Although（雖然）引導對比，前半句稱讚論點嚴謹，但後半句提到「結構過於稠密/晦澀（overly dense structure）」，這會導致一般人「無法理解」，故正確答案為
(C) inscrutable 難以理解的；不可捉摸的
an inscrutable expression（高深莫測的表情）
remain inscrutable（保持神祕難懂）
He stood there with an inscrutable face, making it impossible to know what he was thinking.
他面無表情地站在那裡，讓人根本無法知道他在想什麼。
同義詞：impenetrable, unfathomable
反義詞：comprehensible, clear
(A) accessible 易於理解的；易於接近的
make information accessible（使資訊易於取得）
be accessible to the public（對公眾開放）
The author has a talent for making complex scientific concepts accessible to children.
這位作者很有天賦，能讓複雜的科學概念變得讓孩子易於理解。
同義詞：reachable, understandable
反義詞：inaccessible, restricted
(B) intelligible 可理解的；清晰易懂的
perfectly intelligible（完全可以理解）
an intelligible explanation（清晰的解釋）
Despite the bad connection, his voice was still intelligible.
儘管收訊不好，他的聲音仍然清晰可辨。
同義詞：comprehensible, lucid
反義詞：unintelligible, garbled
(D) transparent 透明的；顯而易見的
a transparent lie（顯而易見的謊言）
be transparent about the costs（對成本透明公開）
The government promised to be more transparent in its decision-making process.
政府承諾在決策過程中會更加透明。
同義詞：clear, obvious
反義詞：opaque, ambiguous
In contemporary workplaces, the concept of productivity has undergone a subtle yet profound transformation, one that is often difficult to detect precisely because it is so deeply embedded in everyday routines. Although organizations claim to prioritize efficiency, their internal cultures often (16) ______ behaviors that are more symbolic than substantive. For instance, workers who remain online late into the evening may be perceived as more dedicated, even if their actual contributions are minimal. Over time, this dynamic can (17) ______ genuine innovation, as individuals become more concerned with maintaining appearances than with taking intellectual risks.
Moreover, as digital tools make it increasingly easy to monitor activity, managers may (18) ______ quantitative indicators, such as response times or logged hours, at the expense of more nuanced assessments of performance. This reliance on superficial metrics not only distorts evaluation processes but also fosters a sense of disillusionment among employees, who may feel that their efforts are being misunderstood or undervalued.
Paradoxically, the more organizations attempt to measure productivity, the more they risk (19) ______ the very qualities that drive meaningful work, including creativity, critical thinking, and long-term problem-solving. If left unaddressed, this trend could ultimately (20) ______ both individual motivation and organizational effectiveness.
16.(A) discourage(B) incentivize(C) overlook(D) neutralize
17.(A) stimulate(B) hinder(C) validate(D) accelerate
18.(A) disregard(B) prioritize(C) quantify(D) complicate
19.(A) cultivating(B) eroding(C) fortifying(D) stabilizing
20.(A) enhance(B) sustain(C) debilitate(D) extinguish
【解析】
16. (B) incentivize 激勵；獎勵
句意為「雖然組織聲稱優先考慮效率，但其內部文化通常會_______那些象徵意義大於實質意義的行為。」
語境中提到雖然口頭說要效率，但後文舉例「員工熬夜在線被視為更投入」，這顯示公司文化實際上在「鼓勵」這種表面的行為，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) discourage 阻礙；勸阻
discourage someone from doing something（勸阻某人做某事）
The new policy is designed to discourage smoking in public areas.
這項新政策旨在勸阻大眾在公共區域吸菸。
同義詞：deter, inhibit；反義詞：encourage, promote
(B) incentivize 激勵；獎勵
incentivize hard work（激勵努力工作）
The government offers tax breaks to incentivize investment in green energy.
政府提供減稅優惠以激勵綠能投資。
同義詞：encourage, motivate；反義詞：deter, discourage
(C) overlook 忽略；沒注意到
overlook a mistake（忽略一個錯誤）
He was passed over for promotion because his boss overlooked his contributions.
他被跳過沒升職，因為他的老闆忽略了他的貢獻。
同義詞：ignore, neglect；反義詞：notice, scrutinize
(D) neutralize 使中和；使無效
neutralize a threat（解除威脅）
The chemicals were added to neutralize the acid in the water.
加入化學物質是為了中和水中的酸性。
同義詞：nullify, counteract；反義詞：intensify, activate
17. (B) hinder 阻礙；妨礙
句意為「久而久之，這種動態會_______真正的創新，因為個人變得更在意維持表象而非承擔智力風險。」
語境顯示當大家只追求「看起來很努力」時，會對「真正的創新」造成負面影響，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) stimulate 刺激；促進
stimulate economic growth（刺激經濟成長）
The cool air stimulated her senses and woke her up.
冷空氣刺激了她的感官，讓她清醒過來。
同義詞：encourage, provoke；反義詞：suppress, inhibit
(B) hinder 阻礙；妨礙
hinder progress（阻礙進步）
A lack of funds has hindered the development of the project.
資金缺乏阻礙了該計畫的發展。
同義詞：obstruct, impede；反義詞：facilitate, assist
(C) validate 證實；使生效
validate a theory（證實一項理論）
You need to validate your parking ticket before leaving the mall.
離開商場前，你需要先讓你的停車票生效。
同義詞：confirm, verify；反義詞：invalidate, disprove
(D) accelerate 加速；促進
accelerate the process（加速過程）
The car accelerated as it hit the highway.
汽車開上公路時開始加速。
同義詞：speed up, hasten；反義詞：decelerate, slow down
18. (B) prioritize 優先處理；優先考慮
句意為「管理層可能會_______量化指標，如回應時間或登錄時數，而犧牲了更細緻的績效評估。」
語境提到 managers 偏好使用容易監控的數據（如時數），且後文接著說 at the expense of（以…為代價），顯示他們「優先選擇」了數據，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) disregard 忽視；不理會
disregard the rules（不理會規則）
Please disregard the previous email; it was sent by mistake.
請忽略前一封郵件，那是誤寄的。
同義詞：ignore, overlook；反義詞：regard, heed
(B) prioritize 優先考慮
prioritize safety（安全優先）
You must learn to prioritize your tasks to manage your time better.
你必須學會排出任務的優先順序，以更好地管理時間。
同義詞：rank, favor；反義詞：neglect, postpone
(C) quantify 量化；測定…的數量
quantify the risks（量化風險）
It is difficult to quantify the long-term impact of climate change.
很難量化氣候變遷的長期影響。
同義詞：measure, evaluate；反義詞：guess, estimate
(D) complicate 使複雜化
complicate matters（使事情複雜化）
Adding more features will only complicate the user interface.
增加更多功能只會讓使用者介面變得更複雜。
同義詞：confuse, muddle；反義詞：simplify, clarify
19. (B) eroding 侵蝕；逐漸削弱
句意為「矛盾的是，組織越是試圖衡量生產力，就越有可能_______推動有意義工作的特質，包括創造力、批判性思考。」
語境中 Paradoxically（矛盾地）暗示過度衡量的負面後果，即這些原本重要的特質會被「逐漸削弱」，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) cultivating 培養；耕作
cultivate a habit（養成習慣）
The teacher works hard to cultivate a love of reading in her students.
老師努力培養學生對閱讀的熱愛。
同義詞：nurture, foster；反義詞：destroy, neglect
(B) eroding 侵蝕；削弱
erode confidence（削弱信心）
The repeated scandals have eroded public trust in the government.
反覆發生的醜聞已經削弱了公眾對政府的信任。
同義詞：weaken, undermine；反義詞：strengthen, reinforce
(C) fortifying 增強；加固
fortify a building（加固建築物）
He took vitamins to fortify his immune system against the cold.
他服用維他命以增強免疫系統來對抗感冒。
同義詞：strengthen, bolster；反義詞：weaken, sap
(D) stabilizing 使穩定
stabilize the economy（穩定經濟）
Doctors are working to stabilize the patient’s heart rate.
醫生正努力穩定病人的心率。
同義詞：steady, fix；反義詞：destabilize, shake
20. (C) debilitate 使衰弱；使虛弱
句意為「如果這個趨勢不被解決，最終可能會_______個人動機與組織效能。」
語境顯示這種負面趨勢會導致動力與效能「受損、變得衰弱」，故正確答案為 (C)。
(A) enhance 提高；增加
enhance the quality（提升品質）
The new software will enhance the productivity of the team.
這套新軟體將提升團隊的生產力。
同義詞：improve, boost；反義詞：diminish, worsen
(B) sustain 維持；支撐
sustain life（維持生命）
The company’s growth is difficult to sustain in the long run.
這間公司的成長長期來看很難維持。
同義詞：maintain, support；反義詞：abandon, drop
(C) debilitate 使衰弱；使虛弱
debilitating disease（使人虛弱的疾病）
Stress can eventually debilitate your immune system.
壓力最終會使你的免疫系統變得衰弱。
同義詞：weaken, enfeeble；反義詞：strengthen, invigorate
(D) extinguish 熄滅；使破滅
extinguish a fire（撲滅火災）
The failure of the project extinguished his hopes for a promotion.
計畫的失敗破滅了他升職的希望。
同義詞：quench, destroy；反義詞：ignite, spark
As artificial intelligence systems become increasingly integrated into daily life, questions surrounding their ethical implications have grown more urgent. One of the central issues lies in the opacity of these systems, which are often designed in ways that make their decision-making processes difficult to interpret. As a result, individuals may (21) ______ the authority of algorithms, assuming that computational outputs are inherently objective. However, such assumptions can be misleading, as algorithms are ultimately shaped by human inputs, including biases that may not be immediately apparent.
Furthermore, as reliance on automation increases, there is a risk that critical thinking skills may gradually (22) ______. When individuals defer too readily to technological systems, they may become less inclined to question outcomes or consider alternative perspectives.
At the institutional level, organizations must also grapple with the challenge of assigning responsibility when algorithmic systems fail. If accountability is not clearly defined, it may become (23) ______ to determine who should be held liable for errors or unintended harm. This ambiguity can, in turn, (24) ______ public trust, especially if affected individuals perceive that there is no mechanism for redress.
Ultimately, while technological advancement is inevitable, it is essential to adopt a more critical and reflective approach, one that seeks not only to (25) ______ innovation but also to ensure that it aligns with broader ethical principles.
21.(A) question(B) challenge(C) defer to(D) acquiesce to
22.(A) flourish(B) deteriorate(C) intensify(D) expand
23.(A) straightforward(B) feasible(C) elusive(D) apparent
24.(A) reinforce(B) undermine(C) establish(D) justify
25.(A) constrain(B) impede(C) champion(D) diminish
【解析】
21. (C) defer to 遵從；聽從
句意為「由於 AI 決策難以解讀，個體可能會_______演算法的權威，假設計算輸出的結果天生就是客觀的。」
語境中提到人們「假設輸出結果是客觀的（assuming… inherently objective）」，代表人們會選擇「相信」或「服從」演算法，故正確答案為 (C)。
(A) question 質疑；懷疑
question the truth（質疑真相）
Many people began to question the safety of the new vaccine.
許多人開始質疑這款新疫苗的安全性。
同義詞：doubt, dispute；反義詞：trust, believe
(B) challenge 挑戰；質疑
challenge a decision（挑戰一項決定）
She was brave enough to challenge the status quo.
她足夠勇敢去挑戰現狀。
同義詞：confront, defy；反義詞：accept, yield
(C) defer to 遵從；聽從
defer to an expert（聽從專家的意見）
In matters of law, I usually defer to my lawyer’s judgment.
在法律事務上，我通常聽從律師的判斷。
同義詞：yield to, submit to；反義詞：defy, disregard
(D) acquiesce to 默許；默認
acquiesce to a demand（默許一項要求）
The company ultimately decided to acquiesce to the union’s requests.
公司最終決定默許工會的要求。
同義詞：comply with, agree to；反義詞：rebel, protest
22. (B) deteriorate 惡化；退化
句意為「此外，隨著對自動化的依賴增加，批判性思考能力可能會逐漸_______。」
語境顯示「依賴（reliance）」增加會導致人類本身的能力「受損」或「變差」，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) flourish 繁榮；興旺
flourish under pressure（在壓力下茁壯）
The plant will flourish if it gets enough sunlight and water.
如果得到足夠的陽光和水，這株植物會長得很茂盛。
同義詞：thrive, prosper；反義詞：wither, decline
(B) deteriorate 惡化；退化
deteriorate rapidly（迅速惡化）
The weather conditions began to deteriorate as the storm approached.
隨著暴風雨臨近，天氣狀況開始惡化。
同義詞：worsen, decline；反義詞：improve, ameliorate
(C) intensify 強化；加劇
intensify the search（加強搜索）
The police decided to intensify their efforts to catch the suspect.
警方決定加強追捕嫌疑犯的力道。
同義詞：strengthen, heighten；反義詞：weaken, alleviate
(D) expand 擴展；擴大
expand the business（擴展業務）
The company plans to expand its operations into Southeast Asia.
該公司計畫將業務擴展到東南亞。
同義詞：enlarge, extend；反義詞：contract, shrink
23. (C) elusive 難以捉摸的；難以界定的
句意為「如果責任定義不清，要確定誰該為錯誤或非預期的傷害負責，可能會變得_______。」
語境提到「責任未明確定義（accountability is not clearly defined）」，這會使得要找負責人這件事變得「很困難」或「難以達成」，故正確答案為 (C)。
(A) straightforward 簡單明瞭的
a straightforward process（簡單的過程）
The instructions were straightforward and easy to follow.
說明非常直截了當，易於遵循。
同義詞：simple, direct；反義詞：complicated, ambiguous
(B) feasible 可行的；做得到的
a feasible plan（可行的計畫）
It’s no longer feasible to complete the project within such a short timeframe.
在這麼短的時間內完成這項企劃已經不再可行了。
同義詞：practicable, workable；反義詞：impossible, impractical
(C) elusive 難以捉摸的；難以找到的
an elusive goal（難以達成的目標）
The cause of the disease remains elusive despite years of research.
儘管研究多年，該疾病的病因仍然難以捉摸。
同義詞：evasive, slippery；反義詞：definite, clear
(D) apparent 明顯的；顯而易見的
become apparent（變得明顯）
It became apparent that the two sides would not reach an agreement.
顯然，雙方將無法達成協議。
同義詞：obvious, evident；反義詞：hidden, obscure
24. (B) undermine 逐漸削弱；損害
句意為「這種模糊性反過來會_______公眾信任，特別是當受影響的個體察覺到沒有救濟機制時。」
語境描述「模糊性（ambiguity）」與「缺乏救濟機制」會對「信任（trust）」造成傷害，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) reinforce 加強；鞏固
reinforce a belief（強化信念）
The latest evidence serves to reinforce the theory of evolution.
最新的證據有助於強化演化論。
同義詞：strengthen, bolster；反義詞：weaken, undermine
(B) undermine 逐漸削弱；損害
undermine confidence（削弱信心）
Constant criticism can undermine a student’s self-esteem.
不斷的批評會損害學生的自尊心。
同義詞：weaken, impair；反義詞：strengthen, enhance
(C) establish 建立；確立
establish a reputation（建立聲譽）
The university was established in the late 19th century.
這所大學成立於 19 世紀末。
同義詞：found, create；反義詞：abolish, destroy
(D) justify 證明…是正當的；辯解
justify one’s actions（為某人的行為辯護）
How can you justify spending so much money on a luxury car?
你如何解釋花這麼多錢買豪車是正當的？
同義詞：warrant, defend；反義詞：condemn, blame
25. (C) champion 支持；擁護
句意為「最終，我們必須採取批判與反思的態度，不僅尋求_______創新，也要確保其符合更廣泛的倫理原則。」
語境中 sought not only to… but also to…（不僅要…也要…）表示兩者皆為目標。我們當然要「支持、推廣」創新，但同時也要兼顧倫理，故正確答案為 (C)。
(A) constrain 限制；約束
feel constrained to do something（感到被迫做某事）
The budget deficit will constrain the government’s ability to spend.
預算赤字將限制政府的支出能力。
同義詞：restrict, limit；反義詞：release, free
(B) impede 阻礙；妨礙
impede progress（阻礙進步）
Heavy snow continued to impede the rescue efforts.
大雪繼續阻礙著搜救工作。
同義詞：hinder, block；反義詞：facilitate, promote
(C) champion 擁護；支持
champion a cause（支持一項事業）
She has spent her entire career championing the rights of the poor.
她整個職業生涯都在為窮人的權利奮鬥。
同義詞：support, advocate；反義詞：oppose, attack
(D) diminish 減少；削弱
diminish in value（貶值）
The importance of the document has diminished over time.
這份文件的核心重要性隨著時間的推移而減弱。
同義詞：reduce, lessen；反義詞：increase, expand
In recent years, the integration of technology into language classrooms has transformed the way English is taught and learned. Digital tools such as online platforms, mobile applications, and virtual classrooms provide learners with opportunities to access authentic materials and interact with speakers from around the world. These developments have made language learning more flexible and accessible than ever before.
However, the effectiveness of technology in language education depends largely on how it is used. Simply introducing digital tools into the classroom does not guarantee improved learning outcomes. Teachers must carefully design activities that align with learning objectives and encourage meaningful interaction. For example, using discussion forums or video conferencing tools can promote communication, but only if tasks are structured in a way that requires students to actively participate.
Another important consideration is the digital divide. Not all students have equal access to technology, which may create disparities in learning opportunities. Teachers must be aware of these challenges and provide alternative solutions to ensure that all students can benefit from technological advancements.
Ultimately, technology should be viewed as a tool rather than a solution. Its value lies in its ability to support effective teaching practices and enhance student engagement.
26. What can be inferred about the use of technology in language classrooms?
(A) It guarantees better learning outcomes.
(B) It requires careful planning to be effective.
(C) It replaces traditional teaching methods entirely.
(D) It is unnecessary in modern education.
27. The word “accessible” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
(A) circumscribed
(B) fathomable
(C) abstruse
(D) convoluted
28. Why does the author mention discussion forums and video conferencing tools?
(A) To criticize their overuse in classrooms
(B) To illustrate examples of technology that can support interaction
(C) To compare them with traditional teaching methods
(D) To show their disadvantages
29. What can be inferred about the “digital divide”?
(A) It limits equal access and may require pedagogical adjustments.
(B) It is mainly caused by students’ lack of motivation.
(C) It only affects developing countries.
(D) It can be completely solved by technology.
30. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this passage?
(A) To argue that technology should replace teachers
(B) To explain how technology can be effectively integrated into teaching
(C) To discourage the use of digital tools
(D) To describe the history of language education
【解析】
26. (B) It requires careful planning to be effective. 它需要周詳的計畫才能奏效。
句意為「關於在語言教室中使用技術，可以推論出什麼？」
文章第二段明確指出「僅將數位工具引入教室並不保證能改善學習成效」，且「教師必須精心設計與學習目標一致的活動」，這說明了「周詳計畫」的必要性，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) It guarantees better learning outcomes. 它保證更好的學習成果。
文中提到 “does not guarantee”（不保證），故此項錯誤。
(C) It replaces traditional teaching methods entirely. 它完全取代了傳統教學法。
文中僅提到 “support”（支持）與 “enhance”（增強），並未提到完全取代。
(D) It is unnecessary in modern education. 它在現代教育中是不必要的。
文中肯定了技術讓學習更靈活，顯然認為其有存在的價值。
27. (B) fathomable 可理解的；易得到的
句意為「第一段中的單字 ‘accessible’ 與下列哪個詞意思最接近？」
文中提到技術讓語言學習比以往更 “flexible and accessible”，此處指容易取得、容易使用的。在選項中，fathomable 原意為「可測量的/可理解的」，在語境中與可觸及、可掌握之意最接近，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) circumscribed 受限的；受約束的
a circumscribed life（受限的生活）
The power of the monarch is strictly circumscribed by the constitution.
君主的權力受到憲法的嚴格限制。
同義詞：restricted, limited；反義詞：unlimited, free
(B) fathomable 可理解的；可測透的
a fathomable mystery（可以解開的謎團）
His reasons for leaving the job are perfectly fathomable to anyone who worked there.
他離職的原因對於任何在那裡工作過的人來說都是完全可以理解的。
同義詞：understandable, comprehensible；反義詞：unfathomable, mysterious
(C) abstruse 晦澀的；深奧的
an abstruse philosophical theory（深奧的哲學理論）
The professor’s lectures were often too abstruse for the undergraduates to follow.
教授的講座對於大學生來說通常太過深奧，難以跟上。
同義詞：obscure, profound；反義詞：simple, clear
(D) convoluted 費解的；旋繞的
a convoluted argument（複雜費解的論點）
The plot of the movie was so convoluted that I missed the ending.
這部電影的情節如此錯綜複雜，以至於我錯過了結局。
同義詞：complicated, complex；反義詞：straightforward, simple
28. (B) To illustrate examples of technology that can support interaction 用以舉例說明能支持互動的技術
句意為「作者為何提到討論區（discussion forums）和視訊會議工具（video conferencing tools）？」
第二段提到這些工具是為了舉例說明如何 “promote communication”（促進交流），即作為支持互動的具體實例，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) To criticize their overuse in classrooms 批評在教室中過度使用它們。
(C) To compare them with traditional teaching methods 將它們與傳統教學法進行比較。
(D) To show their disadvantages 顯示它們的缺點。
（以上三項均不符合文中「舉例支持互動」的正面語境。）
29. (A) It limits equal access and may require pedagogical adjustments. 它限制了平等獲取的機會，且可能需要教學上的調整。
句意為「關於『數位落差（digital divide）』，可以推論出什麼？」
第三段提到「並非所有學生都有平等的技術獲取權」，且教師應「提供替代方案（provide alternative solutions）」，這正對應了「限制平等獲取」與「教學調整」，故正確答案為 (A)。
(B) It is mainly caused by students’ lack of motivation. 主要是由學生缺乏動力引起的。
(C) It only affects developing countries. 它只影響發展中國家。
(D) It can be completely solved by technology. 它可以完全由技術解決。
（文中並未提到動力問題、地理限制，且數位落差反而是技術帶來的問題，而非解決方案。）
30. (B) To explain how technology can be effectively integrated into teaching 解釋如何將技術有效融入教學
句意為「作者寫這篇文章的主要目的是什麼？」
整篇文章從技術的優勢出發，接著探討教學設計的重要性、社會不平等問題，最後總結技術應作為支持教學的工具。整體旨在說明如何「有效地」使用技術，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) To argue that technology should replace teachers 主張技術應該取代教師。
文中強調技術是工具，教師的設計（carefully design）才是關鍵。
(C) To discourage the use of digital tools 勸阻使用數位工具。
文章持正面但謹慎的態度，並非勸阻。
(D) To describe the history of language education 描述語言教育的歷史。
文中主要探討現狀與方法，並非回顧歷史。
Assessment plays a crucial role in language education, as it provides information about students’ learning progress and helps teachers adjust their instruction. Traditionally, assessment has focused on summative tests, such as midterms and final exams. However, there has been a growing emphasis on formative assessment, which involves ongoing evaluation during the learning process.
Formative assessment allows teachers to identify students’ strengths and weaknesses in real time. Techniques such as peer feedback, self-assessment, and classroom observation can provide valuable insights into student learning. Moreover, formative assessment encourages students to reflect on their own performance and take an active role in their learning.
Despite its benefits, formative assessment requires careful planning and implementation. Teachers must provide clear criteria and constructive feedback to ensure that students understand how to improve. In addition, balancing formative and summative assessment can be challenging, especially in exam-oriented educational systems.
In conclusion, effective assessment should combine both formative and summative approaches. By doing so, teachers can support student learning while also meeting institutional requirements.
31. What can be inferred about formative assessment?
(A) It is less useful than summative assessment.
(B) It focuses only on final results.
(C) It supports ongoing learning and improvement.
(D) It replaces all traditional testing methods.
32. The word “crucial” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
(A) peripheral
(B) pivotal
(C) redundant
(D) extraneous
33. Why does the author mention peer feedback and self-assessment?
(A) To criticize students’ performance
(B) To provide examples of formative assessment methods
(C) To compare different grading systems
(D) To explain test formats
34. What can be inferred about challenges in formative assessment?
(A) It requires no preparation.
(B) It is easy to apply in all contexts.
(C) It may be difficult to implement in exam-oriented systems.
(D) It reduces student participation.
35. What is the rhetorical purpose of the final paragraph?
(A) To summarize and advocate a balanced approach to assessment
(B) To introduce a contrasting viewpoint
(C) To question the validity of formative assessment
(D) To provide empirical evidence
【解析】這篇短文探討了語言教育中的評量方式，特別是比較了傳統的「總結性評量（summative assessment）」與現代強調的「形成性評量（formative assessment）」，並建議兩者應並重。以下為各題詳解：
________________________________________
31. (C) It supports ongoing learning and improvement. 它支持持續性的學習與進步。
句意為「關於『形成性評量』，可以推論出什麼？」
文章第一段提到形成性評量涉及「學習過程中的持續評估（ongoing evaluation）」，第二段則說明它能讓教師「即時（real time）」識別學生的優缺點，這都符合「支持持續學習」的特點，故正確答案為 (C)。
(A) It is less useful than summative assessment. 它不如總結性評量有用。
(B) It focuses only on final results. 它只關注最終結果。
(D) It replaces all traditional testing methods. 它取代了所有傳統測試方法。
（以上三項均與文中提到的「形成性評量在學習過程中進行」且與總結性評量應「兩者結合」的觀點矛盾。）
32. (B) pivotal 關鍵的；核心的
句意為「第一段中的單字 ‘crucial’ 與下列哪個詞意思最接近？」
文中提到 “Assessment plays a crucial role”（評量扮演關鍵角色）。crucial 表示極其重要、決定性的。選項中 pivotal 原指樞軸的，引申為「關鍵的、核心的」，最符合語意，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) peripheral 次要的；外圍的
a peripheral issue（次要的問題）
The main points are clear, but the peripheral details are still being worked out.
主要觀點很明確，但次要細節仍在制定中。
同義詞：secondary, minor；反義詞：central, core
(B) pivotal 關鍵的；中樞的
a pivotal moment in history（歷史上的關鍵時刻）
His testimony proved to be pivotal in the jury’s final decision.
他的證詞證明對陪審團的最終決定起到了關鍵作用。
同義詞：crucial, critical；反義詞：insignificant, trivial
(C) redundant 多餘的；累贅的
redundant employees（被裁減的多餘員工）
The sentence is redundant because it repeats information already mentioned.
這個句子是多餘的，因為它重複了已經提到的資訊。
同義詞：superfluous, excess；反義詞：essential, necessary
(D) extraneous 無關的；外來的
extraneous information（無關緊要的資訊）
We should focus on the core problem and ignore any extraneous factors.
我們應該集中精力處理核心問題，忽略任何無關因素。
同義詞：irrelevant, external；反義詞：intrinsic, relevant
33. (B) To provide examples of formative assessment methods 提供形成性評量方法的實例
句意為「作者為何提到同儕回饋（peer feedback）和自我評量（self-assessment）？」
第二段在介紹形成性評量的技術（Techniques）時列舉了這些做法，用以說明「如何」在實務中執行這種評量方式，故正確答案為 (B)。
(A) To criticize students’ performance 批評學生的表現。
(C) To compare different grading systems 比較不同的評分制度。
(D) To explain test formats 解釋考試格式。
（文中並非批評，也非討論計分或考卷格式，而是討論評量學習進度的方法。）
34. (C) It may be difficult to implement in exam-oriented systems. 在升學導向的體制中可能難以執行。
句意為「關於形成性評量的挑戰，可以推論出什麼？」
第三段明確指出「在升學導向的教育體系（exam-oriented educational systems）中，平衡形成性與總結性評量可能具有挑戰性」，故正確答案為 (C)。
(A) It requires no preparation. 它不需要準備。
(B) It is easy to apply in all contexts. 它在所有情境下都容易應用。
(D) It reduces student participation. 它會減少學生參與。
（文中提到它需要「精心計畫」，且會「鼓勵學生扮演積極角色」，故 A、B、D 選項皆錯誤。）
35. (A) To summarize and advocate a balanced approach to assessment 總結並倡導平衡的評量方法
句意為「最後一段的修辭目的是什麼？」
最後一段以 “In conclusion” 開頭，並提出 “should combine both formative and summative approaches”，旨在總結全文明確表達「結合兩者」的立場，故正確答案為 (A)。
(B) To introduce a contrasting viewpoint 引入相反的觀點。
(C) To question the validity of formative assessment 質疑形成性評量的有效性。
(D) To provide empirical evidence 提供實證數據。
（最後一段是提出建議與結論，而非引入新觀點、質疑或列舉數據。）