1. The editorial criticized the plan as _____ because it promised lower taxes, better services, and reduced debt without trade-offs.
(A) indelible
(B) inexorable
(C) irrevocable
(D) untenable
【解析】句意為「社論批評該計畫是_______，因為它承諾在不進行權衡的情況下降低稅收、改善服務並減少債務。」
語境顯示該計畫的承諾在邏輯上難以成立或經不起推敲，因此應填入「站不住腳的、難以維護的」，故正確答案為
(D) untenable 站不住腳的；難以維護的
此單字形容某種論點、理論或立場在邏輯上漏洞百出，無法防禦或維持。
常用片語：an untenable position（站不住腳的立場）、become untenable（變得難以維持）
例句：The theory is untenable in the light of recent findings.（根據最近的發現，該理論是站不住腳的。）
同義詞：indefensible, insupportable
反義詞：tenable, defensible
(A) indelible 擦不掉的；難以磨滅的
此單字形容印記、筆跡或印象無法被消除或忘記。
常用片語：indelible ink（不褪色的墨水）、leave an indelible impression（留下難以磨滅的印象）
例句：The experience left an indelible mark on her mind.（那次經歷在她心中留下了難以磨滅的印記。）
同義詞：permanent, lasting
反義詞：erasable, temporary
(B) inexorable 不可阻擋的；無情的
此單字形容過程或力量無法改變、停止或說服。
常用片語：the inexorable progress of time（時光無情的流逝）、inexorable pressure（無法遏制的壓力）
例句：The inexorable rise of the sea level threatens coastal cities.（不可阻擋的海平面上升威脅著沿海城市。）
同義詞：relentless, unstoppable
反義詞：flexible, avoidable
(C) irrevocable 不可改變的；不可撤回的
此單字形容決定、行動或合約一旦做出就無法取消。
常用片語：an irrevocable decision（不可更改的決定）、irrevocable trust（不可撤銷的信託）
例句：Once the contract is signed, it is irrevocable.（契約一旦簽署，便不可撤回。）
同義詞：irreversible, unalterable
反義詞：reversible, revocable
2. The company’s report tried to _____ responsibility for the data breach, but internal emails showed managers ignored repeated warnings.
(A) deprecate
(B) deflect
(C) delude
(D) deride
【解析】句意為「公司的報告試圖_______資料外洩的責任，但內部郵件顯示經理們無視了多次警告。」
語境顯示公司想要轉移或推卸責任，因此應填入「轉移、避開」，故正確答案為
(B) deflect 轉移；避開
此單字形容使某物偏離原有的方向，也常用於引申為避開指責、問題或責任。
常用片語：deflect criticism（避開批評）、deflect attention from（轉移對…的注意力）
例句：The minister tried to deflect the blame onto his subordinates.（部長試圖將責任推給下屬。）
同義詞：divert, avert
反義詞：attract, focus
(A) deprecate 反對；輕視
此單字形容表示不贊成，或是貶低某事的價值。
常用片語：self-deprecating humor（自嘲的幽默）、strongly deprecate（強烈反對）
例句：We deprecate the use of violence to solve political problems.（我們反對使用暴力解決政治問題。）
同義詞：disapprove, belittle
反義詞：approve, praise
(C) delude 欺騙；迷惑
此單字形容使某人相信不真實的事物，常用於「自欺欺人」。
常用片語：delude oneself（自欺欺人）、delude someone into doing something（哄騙某人去做某事）
例句：Don’t delude yourself into thinking that he will change.（不要幻想他會改變。）
同義詞：deceive, mislead
反義詞：enlighten, debunk
(D) deride 嘲笑；嘲弄
此單字形容以輕蔑的態度嘲笑某人或某事，認為其毫無價值。
常用片語：deride someone’s efforts（嘲笑某人的努力）、be derided as（被嘲笑為…）
例句：His innovative ideas were derided by his colleagues.（他的創新想法遭到同事們的嘲笑。）
同義詞：mock, ridicule
反義詞：respect, admire
3. The historian described the ruler’s reforms as _____, noting that they improved public health while expanding surveillance.
(A) categorical
(B) cylindrical
(C) paradoxical
(D) sabbatical
【解析】句意為「歷史學家將這位統治者的改革描述為_______，並指出改革在改善公眾健康的同時，也擴張了監控範圍。」
語境顯示該改革同時具有「正面改善」與「負面監控」兩種相互矛盾的特質，因此應填入「矛盾的、似非而是的」，故正確答案為
(C) paradoxical 矛盾的；似非而是的
此單字形容事物包含兩種互相對立的特性，或雖然聽起來不合理但事實上卻是真的。
常用片語：a paradoxical situation（矛盾的情況）、seem paradoxical（看似矛盾）
例句：It is paradoxical that some people feel lonelier in a big city.（令人感到矛盾的是，有些人處在大城市中反而覺得更寂寞。）
同義詞：contradictory, inconsistent
反義詞：consistent, straightforward
(A) categorical 絕對的；至高無上的
此單字形容說法或聲明非常明確、堅定，沒有任何商量或懷疑的餘地。
常用片語：a categorical denial（斷然否認）、categorical assurance（絕對的保證）
例句：The government issued a categorical refusal to negotiate with terrorists.（政府斷然拒絕與恐怖分子談判。）
同義詞：absolute, unconditional
反義詞：qualified, tentative
(B) cylindrical 圓柱形的
此單字為幾何形容詞，描述物體的形狀像圓柱體。
常用片語：cylindrical shape（圓柱形狀）、cylindrical container（圓柱形容器）
例句：The oil was stored in a large cylindrical tank.（石油儲存在一個大型圓柱形油槽中。）
同義詞：columnar, tubular
反義詞：flat, square
(D) sabbatical 休假的；離職研究的
此單字通常指大學老師或其他專業人員每隔幾年享有一次的長期休假，用於研究或旅行。
常用片語：take a sabbatical（休長假）、sabbatical leave（學術休假）
例句：Professor White is on sabbatical this semester to finish his book.（懷特教授這學期休假去完成他的書。）
同義詞：leave, furlough
反義詞：working, active
4. Physicians must _____ competing risks when recommending surgery for elderly patients with several chronic conditions.
(A) weigh
(B) freight
(C) inflate
(D) deflate
【解析】句意為「醫師在為患有多種慢性病的年長患者建議手術時，必須_______各種相互競爭的風險。」
語境顯示醫師需要仔細評估、衡量不同風險之間的大小，因此應填入「衡量、評估」，故正確答案為
(A) weigh 衡量；斟酌；稱重
此單字除了指測量重量，也常用於引申為在做決定前仔細考慮、比較各種因素的利弊。
常用片語：weigh the pros and cons（權衡利弊）、weigh something against something（將某事與某事進行權衡）
例句：You must weigh the benefits of the treatment against the potential risks.（你必須權衡這項治療的益處與潛在的風險。）
同義詞：evaluate, consider
反義詞：ignore, neglect
(B) freight 運送；貨運；充滿
此單字原指以船、火車或飛機運送貨物，也可引申為使某事物充滿（某種情感或意義）。
常用片語：freight train（貨運列車）、be freighted with meaning（充滿意義）
例句：The silence between them was freighted with unspoken tension.（他們之間的沉默充滿了未說出口的緊張感。）
同義詞：ship, transport
反義詞：unload, discharge
(C) inflate 使充氣；使膨脹；誇大
此單字形容將空氣或氣體注入物體使其擴大，也常用於描述物價上漲或誇大事實。
常用片語：inflate a balloon（給氣球充氣）、inflate the figures（誇大數據）
例句：He tended to inflate his achievements to impress his boss.（他傾向於誇大自己的成就以給老闆留下深刻印象。）
同義詞：expand, exaggerate
反義詞：deflate, minimize
(D) deflate 使漏氣；使縮小；使挫折
此單字是 inflate 的反義詞，指排出空氣使物體縮小，或指削弱某人的信心、降低物價。
常用片語：deflate a tire（讓輪胎洩氣）、feel deflated（感到洩氣/受挫）
例句：The harsh criticism deflated his ego.（嚴厲的批評挫傷了他的自尊心。）
同義詞：collapse, flatten
反義詞：inflate, boost
5. The spokesperson’s apology sounded _____ because it expressed regret without admitting responsibility or promising concrete change.
(A) auspicious
(B) deleterious
(C) insidious
(D) tenacious
【解析】句意為「發言人的道歉聽起來很_______，因為它只表達了遺憾，卻沒有承認責任或承諾具體的改變。」
語境顯示這個道歉可能帶有誤導性、不懷好意或並非真心實意，因此應填入「陰險的、潛伏的、投機的」，故正確答案為
(C) insidious 陰險的；潛伏的
此單字常用來形容某種負面的事物以一種緩慢、隱蔽且有害的方式進行，讓人難以防範。
常用片語：insidious effects（潛伏的影響）、an insidious plan（陰險的計畫）
例句：High blood pressure is an insidious condition because it often has no symptoms.（高血壓是一種隱伏的疾病，因為它通常沒有症狀。）
同義詞：subtle, treacherous
反義詞：straightforward, harmless
(A) auspicious 吉利的；吉祥的
此單字形容事物顯示出成功或好運的徵兆，通常用於描述開始。
常用片語：an auspicious start（吉利的開始）、an auspicious occasion（吉慶的場合）
例句：The sunny weather was an auspicious sign for the outdoor wedding.（晴朗的天氣是戶外婚禮的好兆頭。）
同義詞：promising, favorable
反義詞：inauspicious, ominous
(B) deleterious 有害的；有毒的
此單字多用於正式語境，形容某事對健康、環境或發展造成損害。
常用片語：deleterious effects（有害影響）、deleterious to health（對健康有害）
例句：Smoking has a deleterious effect on the lungs.（吸菸對肺部有危害。）
同義詞：harmful, damaging
反義詞：beneficial, helpful
(D) tenacious 堅韌的；頑強的
此單字形容一個人意志堅定，或是某種事物緊緊抓牢、難以擺脫。
常用片語：a tenacious memory（持久的記憶力）、tenacious defense（頑強的防守）
例句：The athlete’s tenacious spirit helped her win the gold medal.（這位運動員頑強的精神幫助她贏得了金牌。）
同義詞：persistent, stubborn
反義詞：weak, yielding
6. The author attempted to _____ contemporary social theories into a framework developed under very different historical conditions.
(A) interfere
(B) shoehorn
(C) reprimand
(D) meddle
【解析】句意為「作者試圖將當代社會理論_______到一個在截然不同的歷史條件下發展出來的框架中。」
語境顯示作者在試圖將不合適的東西硬塞進某個框架內，因此應填入「硬塞、強行納入」，故正確答案為
(B) shoehorn 硬塞；強行擠入
此單字原意為「鞋拔」，動詞用法指將某物（如想法、計畫或人）強行塞進一個空間不足或不合適的地方。
常用片語：shoehorn something into（將某物硬塞進…）、be shoehorned into a schedule（被硬塞進行程裡）
例句：The director tried to shoehorn too many subplots into the two-hour movie.（導演試圖在這部兩小時的電影中強行塞入過多副線情節。）
同義詞：force, squeeze
反義詞：extract, remove
(A) interfere 干涉；干擾
此單字形容在未經允許或不該介入的情況下捲入他人的事務，或是信號受阻。
常用片語：interfere with（干擾…）、interfere in someone’s business（干涉某人的私事）
例句：Don’t allow your personal feelings to interfere with your judgment.（不要讓你的個人感情干擾你的判斷。）
同義詞：intervene, obstruct
反義詞：assist, facilitate
(C) reprimand 訓斥；譴責
此單字形容以正式且嚴厲的方式表達對某人行為的不滿或指責。
常用片語：reprimand someone for something（因某事訓斥某人）、give a severe reprimand（給予嚴厲斥責）
例句：The officer was reprimanded for failing to follow safety protocols.（該官員因未能遵守安全協議而受到訓斥。）
同義詞：scold, rebuke
反義詞：praise, compliment
(D) meddle 管閒事；干預
此單字帶有貶義，形容在沒有權利或沒有被邀請的情況下，試圖改變或影響他人的事情。
常用片語：meddle in other people’s affairs（管別人的閒事）、meddle with the lock（亂動鎖頭）
例句：He has no right to meddle in our family disputes.（他無權干預我們的家庭糾紛。）
同義詞：pry, intrude
反義詞：ignore, refrain
7. Some people _____ concepts such as “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” to rationalize the turbulent socio-economic landscapes of industrialization and urbanization.
(A) appropriated
(B) accumulated
(C) coagulated
(D) corrugated
【解析】句意為「有些人_______了『天擇』與『適者生存』等概念，以此將工業化與城市化過程中動盪的社會經濟景觀合理化。」
語境顯示這些人為了自己的目的（如社會達爾文主義）而擅自挪用或借用科學理論，因此應填入「挪用、撥用」，故正確答案為
(A) appropriated 挪用；撥款；擅用
此單字指未經許可將某物（特別是金錢、想法或文化元素）據為己用，或指政府撥發款項。
常用片語：appropriate funds for（撥款給…）、cultural appropriation（文化挪用）
例句：The movement appropriated the symbols of its opponents to subvert their meaning.（該運動挪用了對手的象徵物，以顛覆其含義。）
同義詞：misappropriate, allocate
反義詞：return, bestow
(B) accumulated 累積；積聚
此單字形容隨著時間推移而逐漸增加數量或程度。
常用片語：accumulate wealth（累積財富）、accumulate experience（累積經驗）
例句：Dust had accumulated on the unused furniture.（灰塵積聚在沒人使用的家具上。）
同義詞：gather, amass
反義詞：disperse, dissipate
(C) coagulated 凝結；凝固
此單字通常用於液體（尤其是血液）變成半固體狀的過程。
常用片語：coagulated blood（凝結的血液）、the milk coagulated（牛奶凝結了）
例句：The wound bled for a while and then the blood began to coagulate.（傷口流了一會兒血，然後血液開始凝固。）
同義詞：clot, congeal
反義詞：liquefy, melt
(D) corrugated 使起皺；使成波浪狀
此單字形容將材料（如紙板或鐵皮）製成脊狀或溝槽狀，以增加強度。
常用片語：corrugated iron（波浪板；浪型鐵皮）、corrugated cardboard（瓦楞紙板）
例句：The roof was made of sheets of corrugated steel.（屋頂是由波浪狀鋼板製成的。）
同義詞：wrinkled, ridged
反義詞：smooth, flat
8. His brief _____ of past events will bring you up to date.
(A) running
(B) runoff
(C) runaway
(D) rundown
【解析】句意為「他對過去事件的簡短_______將使你掌握最新情況。」 語境顯示他提供了一份摘要或詳細說明的報告，讓人能快速了解現況，因此應填入「概要、詳細報告」，故正確答案為
(D) rundown 概要；詳細報告
此單字指對某事進行系統性的總結或詳細的解釋，讓聽者能快速掌握重點。
give a rundown of（提供…的概要）、a quick rundown（簡短的總結）
Let me give you a quick rundown of the morning’s news.（讓我為你簡要說明一下今早的新聞。）
同義詞：summary, briefing 反義詞：expansion, elaboration
(A) running 跑；運行；連續的
此單字可以指跑步運動、機器的運作，或是形容事物連續不斷。
go running（去跑步）、for three days running（連續三天）
He won the championship for the third year running.（他連續第三年獲得冠軍。）
同義詞：sprinting, continuous 反義詞：walking, occasional
(B) runoff 決賽；徑流；（第二輪）投票
此單字在運動中指決賽，在環保中指雨水徑流，在政治中指平手後的第二輪投票。
a runoff election（決選投票）、agricultural runoff（農業徑流）
Since no candidate won a majority, there will be a runoff next week.（由於沒有候選人獲得過半數選票，下週將進行第二輪投票。）
同義詞：overtime, drainage 反義詞：primary, inflow
(C) runaway 逃跑者；失控的
此單字指逃家或逃走的人，或是形容事物失去控制、迅速增長。
a runaway horse（脫韁之馬）、runaway inflation（惡性通貨膨脹）
The film was a runaway success at the box office.（這部電影在票房上取得了出乎意料的巨大成功。）
同義詞：escapee, uncontrollable 反義詞：captive, controlled
9. I didn’t tell Mrs. Smith her husband had left, but she noticed his car was gone and put _____ together.
(A) one in a million
(B) two and two
(C) three’s a crowd
(D) baker’s dozen
【解析】句意為「我沒有告訴史密斯太太她的丈夫離開了，但她注意到他的車子不見了，並將_______結合起來（推斷出了真相）。」
語境顯示她根據現有的事實推斷出結論，因此應填入固定片語「根據事實推斷、猜想到真相」，故正確答案為
(B) two and two 二加二（得四）
此單字源自片語「put two and two together」，意指根據已知的資訊或證據來推斷出顯而易見的真相。
常用片語：put two and two together（根據事實推斷）、put two and two together and make five（根據有限的事實得出錯誤結論）
例句：I saw them together and put two and two together.（我看到他們在一起，就猜到是怎麼回事了。）
同義詞：deduce, conclude
反義詞：misunderstand, misinterpret
(A) one in a million 萬中選一
此片語形容某人或某物非常獨特、珍貴或極其罕見。
常用片語：a chance in a million（微乎其微的機會）、be one in a million（是個難得的人才）
例句：A teacher like her is one in a million.（像她這樣的老師真是萬中選一。）
同義詞：unique, exceptional
反義詞：common, ordinary
(C) three’s a crowd 三人太擠；三人成對，第三人多餘
此片語通常用於形容當兩個人（通常是情侶）在一起時，第三個人的出現會讓人感到尷尬或多餘。
常用片語：Two’s company, three’s a crowd.（兩人成伴，三人嫌多。）
例句：I think I’ll leave you two to talk; three’s a crowd.（我想我還是讓你們兩個單獨聊吧，三個人太擠了。）
同義詞：third wheel, intruder
反義詞：welcome guest
(D) baker’s dozen 十三個
此片語源於舊時英國麵包師傅為了避免因重量不足受罰，而在買一打（十二個）時多送一個，故代表數字「13」。
常用片語：a baker’s dozen of（十三個…）
例句：The box contains a baker’s dozen of fresh donuts.（盒子裡有十三個新鮮甜甜圈。）
同義詞：thirteen
反義詞：dozen（十二個）
10. Large corporations are likely to view both customers and employees as _____ commodities.
(A) fungible
(B) filtered
(C) empirical
(D) verbose
【解析】句意為「大企業很可能將客戶與員工都視為_______商品。」
語境顯示企業將人視為可以被取代、無差異的資產，因此應填入「可取代的、代替的」，故正確答案為
(A) fungible 可取代的；代替的
此單字在法律與經濟領域指貨品、金錢等具有互換性，即同種類、同品質的事物可以互相替換而不影響其價值。
常用片語：fungible assets（可替代資產）、non-fungible tokens (NFTs)（非同質化代幣）
例句：In this cutthroat industry, many employees feel they are treated as fungible commodities.
（在這個競爭激烈的行業中，許多員工覺得自己被視為可隨意取代的商品。）
同義詞：replaceable, interchangeable
反義詞：unique, irreplaceable
(B) filtered 過濾的；篩選過的
此單字形容經過過濾程序以除去雜質，或指資訊經過篩選後呈現。
常用片語：filtered water（過濾水）、filtered information（篩選過的消息）
例句：The filtered sunlight shone through the leaves.（過濾後的陽光透過葉縫灑落下來。）
同義詞：purified, screened
反義詞：unfiltered, impure
(C) empirical 經驗主義的；以觀察或實驗為依據的
此單字形容知識或結論是來自於實際的觀察與實驗，而非僅憑理論。
常用片語：empirical evidence（經驗證據）、empirical study（實證研究）
例句：There is no empirical evidence to support his claims.（沒有實證證據能支持他的主張。）
同義詞：experimental, factual
反義詞：theoretical, hypothetical
(D) verbose 冗長的；囉嗦的
此單字形容說話或文章使用了過多的詞彙，顯得繁瑣。
常用片語：a verbose speaker（言辭贅餘的演講者）、verbose style（冗贅的風格）
例句：The editor cut out several paragraphs from the verbose manuscript.（編輯從那份冗長的初稿中刪減了幾個段落。）
同義詞：wordy, loquacious
反義詞：concise, laconic
Psychological research on resilience has moved beyond the idea that some individuals simply possess a stable trait that protects them from adversity. Contemporary models emphasize dynamic regulation: people cope not only by enduring stress, but by interpreting events, recruiting social support, and revising goals when circumstances change. This shift has important implications for intervention. If resilience is treated as a fixed capacity, programs tend to classify students or patients as vulnerable; __11__ it is viewed as a process, the focus turns to the conditions that make adaptive responses more likely. Such a process-oriented view, however, should not be confused with the optimistic claim that hardship is automatically beneficial. Exposure to manageable difficulty may strengthen coping skills, but severe or repeated stress can __12__ attention, memory, and emotion regulation. Measurement is another difficulty. Many resilience scales ask respondents to rate confidence after adversity,__13__ these self-reports may reflect cultural expectations about appearing strong rather than actual recovery. For this reason, researchers increasingly combine questionnaires with behavioral indicators, longitudinal data, and contextual information. The goal is not to find a single resilience score but to explain why one person recovers in a given setting while another does not. Interventions are therefore most credible when they __14__ coping strategies to specific stressors and social resources. Put differently, resilience should be understood as an interaction between individuals and environments, __15__as an inner asset that can be measured apart from context.
11.(A) if(B) unless(C) wherever(D) because
12.(A) impose(B) implicate(C) implement(D) impair
13.(A) so that(B) even though(C) provided that(D) as if
14.(A) dismiss(B) erode(C) tailor(D) subordinate
15.(A) rather than(B) as well as(C) insofar as(D) because of
【解析】這段文字探討了「心理韌性」（resilience）從「穩定特質」轉向「動態過程」的觀念變革。這種觀點認為韌性是個人與環境互動的結果，而非孤立存在的內在資產。
11. (A) if 如果
句意為「如果韌性被視為一種固定能力，計畫往往將學生歸類為脆弱者；11 它被視為一個過程，焦點就會轉向創造適應性反應的條件。」
語境是在對比兩種不同的觀點及其後果，這裡需要一個引導假設狀況的連接詞，與前句的「If resilience is treated…」形成平行結構。
常用短句：if any（如果有的話）、as if（彷彿）
例句：If you exercise regularly, your health will improve.（如果你規律運動，你的健康會改善。）
同義詞：provided, supposing
反義詞：unless
12. (D) impair 損害；削弱
句意為「暴露在可控的困難中可能強化應對技巧，但嚴重或反覆的壓力會 12 注意力、記憶力與情緒調節。」
語境顯示嚴重的壓力會對認知功能產生負面影響，因此應填入「損害」。
常用片語：impair one’s judgment（損害某人的判斷力）、visually impaired（視力受損的）
例句：Loud noise can permanently impair your hearing.（噪音會永久損害你的聽力。）
同義詞：damage, harm
反義詞：enhance, improve
13. (B) even though 雖然；儘管
句意為「許多韌性量表要求受訪者在逆境後評估信心，13 這些自我報告可能反映的是關於顯得堅強的文化期待，而非實際的恢復。」
語境顯示前後兩句存在矛盾：量表想測量信心，但結果可能不準確，因此需要表示讓步或轉折的連接詞。
常用片語：even though + 主詞 + 動詞（儘管…）
例句：He went out even though it was raining.（儘管下著雨，他還是出去了。）
同義詞：although, despite the fact that
反義詞：because, since
14. (C) tailor 量身打造；使合適
句意為「因此，當干預措施將應對策略 14 於特定的壓力源與社會資源時，才最具公信力。」
語境強調干預措施必須根據具體情況進行調整，以符合特定需求。
常用片語：tailor something to（針對…調整/量身訂做）
例句：We can tailor the program to meet your individual needs.（我們可以為你量身打造符合你個人需求的計畫。）
同義詞：adapt, customize
反義詞：generalize, broad-brush
15. (A) rather than 而不是
句意為「換句話說，韌性應被理解為個人與環境之間的互動，15 一種可以脫離情境測量的內在資產。」
語境在於釐清韌性的正確定義（互動），並排除錯誤的定義（孤立的內在資產），兩者是替代關係。
常用短句：would rather…than…（寧願…而不願…）
例句：I think I’ll have tea rather than coffee today.（我想今天我要喝茶而不是咖啡。）
同義詞：instead of, opposed to
反義詞：including, and
這裡為您補上文章題組中其他選項的中文解釋、常用片語、例句及正反義詞。
11. 其他選項
(B) unless 除非
引導一個否定條件，表示「如果不…的話」。
常用片語：unless otherwise noted（除非另有說明）
例句：I won’t go unless you come with me.（除非你跟我一起去，否則我不去。）
同義詞：except if
反義詞：if
(C) wherever 無論在哪裡
引導地點子句，表示「在任何地方」。
常用片語：wherever possible（盡可能在任何地方）
例句：I will follow you wherever you go.（無論你到哪裡，我都會跟隨你。）
同義詞：anywhere
反義詞：nowhere
(D) because 因為
引導原因子句。
常用片語：because of（因為/由於 + 名詞）
例句：The flight was canceled because of the storm.（因為暴風雨，航班取消了。）
同義詞：since, as
反義詞：therefore, so
________________________________________
12. 其他選項
(A) impose 強加；課徵
指強迫他人接受某種規則、法律或意見。
常用片語：impose a tax on（對…課稅）、impose on someone（給某人添麻煩）
例句：The government decided to impose a ban on smoking.（政府決定實施禁菸令。）
同義詞：enforce, inflict
反義詞：remove, lift
(B) implicate 牽連；暗示
指顯示某人與犯罪或不名譽的事有關，或指事物必然包含某種結果。
常用片語：be implicated in（捲入/牽連進…）
例句：The evidence seemed to implicate him in the robbery.（證據顯示他與搶劫案有關。）
同義詞：involve, entangle
反義詞：exonerate, exclude
(C) implement 實施；執行
指開始使用計畫、系統或法律。
常用片語：implement a policy（執行政策）、implement changes（實施變革）
例句：The new safety measures will be implemented next month.（新的安全措施將於下個月開始實施。）
同義詞：execute, carry out
反義詞：suspend, halt
13. 其他選項
(A) so that 為了；以便
引導目的子句，表示動作的目標。
常用片語：so that + 主詞 + can/may（以便能夠…）
例句：He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.（他努力讀書以便能通過考試。）
同義詞：in order that
反義詞：for fear that（唯恐）
(C) provided that 只要；在…前提下
表示一個必要的條件。
常用片語：provided that everything goes well（只要一切順利）
例句：You can borrow the car provided that you return it by 10 p.m.（只要你在晚上十點前歸還，你就可以借這輛車。）
同義詞：as long as, on condition that
反義詞：unless
(D) as if 彷彿；好像
用來描述某事看起來的樣子，有時帶有假設語氣。
常用片語：look as if（看起來好像）
例句：He behaved as if nothing had happened.（他表現得好像什麼事都沒發生過一樣。）
同義詞：as though
反義詞：in reality（實際上）
14. 其他選項
(A) dismiss 駁回；解僱；不予考慮
指認為某事不重要而不予理會，或解除某人的職務。
常用片語：dismiss an idea（摒棄一個想法）、dismiss a class（下課）
例句：The judge dismissed the case due to lack of evidence.（法官因證據不足而駁回此案。）
同義詞：reject, disregard
反義詞：accept, hire
(B) erode 侵蝕；削弱
原指土壤受風雨侵蝕，引申為價值、信心或權力逐漸減少。
常用片語：erode confidence（削弱信心）、soil erosion（水土流失）
例句：Constant criticism began to erode her self-esteem.（不斷的批評開始削弱她的自尊心。）
同義詞：corrode, weaken
反義詞：build, strengthen
(D) subordinate 使從屬於；使居下位
指將某事物置於次要地位。
常用片語：be subordinate to（隸屬於…）、subordinate A to B（使 A 從屬於 B）
例句：Individual needs are sometimes subordinated to the needs of the group.（個人需求有時會被置於團體需求之下。）
同義詞：subject, secondary
反義詞：dominant, superior
15. 其他選項
(B) as well as 以及；也
表示並列關係。
常用片語：A as well as B（不僅 B 還有 A）
例句：She is a talented singer as well as a great dancer.（她不僅是一位偉大的舞者，也是一位有才華的歌手。）
同義詞：and, in addition to
反義詞：neither…nor…
(C) insofar as 在…的範圍內；就…而言
表示程度或限制。
常用片語：insofar as I know（就我所知）
例句：The report is accurate insofar as it goes.（就這份報告目前所涵蓋的範圍來看是準確的。）
同義詞：to the extent that
反義詞：regardless of
(D) because of 因為；由於
介系詞片語，後接名詞或動名詞。
常用片語：because of the fact that（由於…的事實）
例句：The game was delayed because of heavy rain.（比賽因為大雨而延期。）
同義詞：due to, owing to
反義詞：despite, regardless of
In public discussions of nutrition, fortified foods are often presented as a straightforward solution to micronutrient deficiency. Adding iron to flour or vitamin D to milk can indeed improve population health, especially when vulnerable groups have limited access to diverse diets. Yet the logic of fortification becomes less simple when foods are also highly processed, aggressively marketed, and consumed in quantities far beyond what nutrition planners anticipated. A breakfast cereal may be __16__ enriched with vitamins, but its overall contribution to health depends on sugar content, fiber structure, and how it displaces other foods in the diet. __17__ nutrient labels invite consumers to evaluate foods item by item, metabolic effects emerge from dietary patterns over time. Recent research on the gut microbiome reinforces this broader view. Fibers that appear chemically similar may __18__ different microbial responses because their physical matrix determines how bacteria access them. Consequently, nutrition policy cannot rely exclusively on isolated nutrient counts. It must also consider food processing, affordability, cultural habits, and the commercial incentives that shape choice. This does not mean fortified products should be rejected; in settings where deficiency remains widespread, they may be indispensable. The more defensible position is that fortification should be treated as a targeted public-health tool, __19__ as a license to market nutritionally imbalanced products as wholesome. If policymakers ignore this distinction, a technically fortified intervention may even __20__ the very dietary transition associated with chronic disease.
16.(A) arbitrarily(B) perilously(C) ostensibly(D) reluctantly
17.(A) As well as(B) Because(C) Unless(D) Whereas
18.(A) elicit(B) extract(C) exempt(D) execrate
19.(A) as much as(B) in addition to(C) owing to(D) instead of
20.(A) attenuate(B) accelerate(C) authenticate(D) abrogate
【解析】
句意為「一款早餐麥片可能 (16) 表面上地 強化了維生素，但其對健康的整體貢獻取決於含糖量、纖維結構以及它在飲食中取代了哪些食物。」
語境顯示麥片添加維生素可能只是一個營銷上的表面優點，背後可能藏有高糖的缺點，故正確答案為
(C) ostensibly 表面上地；假裝地
此單字形容事物看起來是真的，但實際上可能並非如此，常用於描述掩飾真相的行為。
常用片語：ostensibly for the purpose of（表面上是為了…）、an ostensibly simple task（表面上簡單的任務）
例句：The troops were ostensibly there to keep the peace.（部隊駐紮在那裡表面上是為了維護和平。）
同義詞：seemingly, apparently
反義詞：actually, truly
句意為「(17) 儘管 營養標籤邀請消費者逐項評估食品，代謝效應卻是隨著時間從飲食模式中產生的。」
語境是在對比「標籤上的片面評估」與「長期的整體代謝效應」，需要對比連接詞，故正確答案為
(D) Whereas 儘管；然而
此連接詞用於正式表達對比，將兩個事實放在一起比較。
常用短句：whereas in fact（而事實上）
例句：She is quiet and shy, whereas her sister is outgoing.（她安靜害羞，而她姊姊卻外向開朗。）
同義詞：while, although
反義詞：similarly, likewise
句意為「化學組成相似的纖維可能會 (18) 引出 不同的微生物反應，因為它們的物理結構決定了細菌如何接觸它們。」
語境指特定的纖維會「引起」或「激發」腸道細菌的反應，故正確答案為
(A) elicit 引出；誘發
此單字常用於透過某種刺激或行為，引出對方的反應、感覺或訊息。
常用片語：elicit a response（引發反應）、elicit the truth（套出真相）
例句：The questionnaire was intended to elicit information on eating habits.（這份問卷旨在蒐集有關飲食習慣的資訊。）
同義詞：evoke, trigger
反義詞：suppress, stifle
句意為「更合理的立場是，強化應被視為一種有針對性的公共衛生工具，(19) 而不是 作為將營養失衡產品行銷為健康產品的許可證。」
語境是在區分正確的用途（公衛工具）與錯誤的用途（營銷手段），需要表示否定的替代詞，故正確答案為
(D) instead of 而不是
此介系詞片語用於引出被取代或被排除的對象。
常用短句：instead of doing something（與其做某事）
例句：You should be studying instead of playing video games.（你應該在讀書而不是打電動。）
同義詞：rather than
反義詞：along with, as well as
句意為「如果決策者忽視這一區別，一項技術性的強化干預甚至可能 (20) 加速 與慢性病相關的飲食轉型。」
語境警告，若將垃圾食物包裝成健康食品，會導致國人飲食習慣惡化得更快，故正確答案為
(B) accelerate 加速；促進
此單字形容事物進展的速度變快。
常用片語：accelerate the process（加速過程）、accelerate economic growth（加速經濟成長）
例句：Heavy rain may accelerate the erosion of the cliffs.（大雨可能會加速懸崖的侵蝕。）
同義詞：hasten, speed up
反義詞：decelerate, slow down
The distinction between Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) and influencers is a pivotal concept in contemporary marketing discourse. While influencers are typically digital __21__ who cultivate authority primarily within social media ecosystems, KOLs derive their social status from extrinsic expertise or recognized professional accomplishments in specialized fields such as academia, medicine, or athletics. Consequently, a KOL’s influence __22__ in substantive credibility and informed opinion rather than mere platform-specific engagement.
A primary divergence involves their engagement with digital infrastructure. __23__ influencers, who prioritize the constant creation of curated content, KOLs often view social media as secondary to their primary vocation, frequently limiting their online presence due to the __24__ -intensive nature of digital brand maintenance. Nevertheless, when a KOL—such as a renowned nutritionist or specialized journalist—participates in a campaign, they provide an evidential “weapon” of authenticity that traditional advertisements lack. Empirical data supports this shift toward the human element, suggesting that 92% of consumers prioritize personal recommendations __25__ conventional advertising. By facilitating an image transfer from an authoritative figure to a brand, organizations can significantly bolster their institutional visibility and secure long-term consumer trust.
21.(A) foreigner(B) humanists(C) natives(D) outlanders
22.(A) rooted(B) is rooted(C) root(D) has rooted
23.(A) Unless(B) Similar(C) In addition(D) Unlike
24.(A) time(B) light(C) sound(D) space
25.(A) upon(B) at(C) of(D) over
【解析】這段文字探討了「關鍵意見領袖（KOL）」與「社群影響者（Influencer）」之間的區別。Influencer 主要在社群媒體生態中建立權威，而 KOL 則源於專業領域的成就。
21. (C) natives 原住民；本地人
句意為「雖然影響者通常是數位 (21) 原住民，他們主要在社群媒體生態系統中建立權威……」
語境指影響者通常是伴隨數位科技成長、對社群平台極度熟悉的一群人（Digital Natives），故正確答案為
常用片語：digital natives（數位原住民）、native speaker（母語人士）
例句：Young people today are considered digital natives because they grew up with the internet.（現今的年輕人被視為數位原住民，因為他們伴隨網路成長。）
同義詞：locals, inhabitants
反義詞：foreigners, immigrants
22. (B) is rooted 紮根於；源自於
句意為「因此，KOL 的影響力 (22) 紮根於 實質的可信度與見識，而非單純的平台互動。」
此處需要一個被動語態的動詞作為本句的主要動詞。influence 為單數主詞，且「源自於…」常用被動式 be rooted in。
常用片語：be rooted in（根植於…）、root cause（根本原因）
例句：The conflict is rooted in a deep misunderstanding between the two families.（這場衝突根植於兩家人之間深層的誤解。）
同義詞：be based on, derive from
反義詞：be disconnected from
23. (D) Unlike 不像；與…不同
句意為「(23) 不同於 優先考慮持續創作精選內容的影響者，KOL 通常將社群媒體視為其次要職業……」
語境在比較兩者的行為差異，需要一個表示對比的介系詞來引導名詞（influencers）。
常用片語：unlike most people（不像大多數人）、not unlike（並非不像；意指很像）
例句：Unlike her sister, she enjoys outdoor activities.（與她姊姊不同，她喜歡戶外活動。）
同義詞：contrary to, in contrast to
反義詞：like, similar to
24. (A) time 時間
句意為「……由於數位品牌維護具有 (24) 時間 密集（耗時）的特性，KOL 經常限制其在線上的活動。」
語境說明維護品牌需要耗費大量精力與時間，而專業人士忙於本業，因此用「time-intensive（耗時的）」最為恰當。
常用片語：time-intensive（耗時的）、labor-intensive（勞力密集的）
例句：Writing a novel is a time-intensive process that requires great patience.（寫小說是一個耗時的過程，需要極大的耐心。）
同義詞：time-consuming
反義詞：time-saving
25. (D) over 優於；超過
句意為「數據顯示 92% 的消費者優先考慮個人推薦 (25) 勝過 傳統廣告。」
此題考查動詞 prioritize 或形容詞優先順序後的介系詞搭配，當表示「比起 A 更偏好 B」時，常用 over 連結。
常用片語：prioritize A over B（比起 B 優先考慮 A）、prefer A to B（比起 B 更喜歡 A）
例句：The company prioritizes safety over speed.（公司優先考慮安全而非速度。）
同義詞：above, rather than
反義詞：under, below
21.
(A) foreigner 外國人：來自他國的人。
(B) humanists 人道主義者：關注人類價值與尊嚴的人。
(D) outlanders 外地人；異鄉人：較為文學性的用法，指非本地的人。
23.
(A) Unless 除非：引導連接詞子句，後接主詞+動詞。
(B) Similar 相似的：形容詞，通常後接 to。
(C) In addition 此外：副詞用法，後接逗號；若要接名詞須用 In addition to。
24.
(B) light 光線：與維護品牌的特質無關。
(C) sound 聲音：與維護品牌的特質無關。
(D) space 空間：通常指物理或存儲空間，非指「密集維護」的本質。
Recent journalistic accounts based on extensive interviews with Susie Wiles, the White House Chief of Staff, __26__ a rare diagnostic view into the internal operational dynamics of the Trump administration. Wiles characterizes the executive’s management style as a byproduct of a highly assertive and changeable personality, drawing parallels to behavioral patterns that resist conventional restraint. This psychological __27__ necessitated frequent interventions by staff to mitigate the impact of unilateral decisions regarding trade protectionism and judicial clemency.
Furthermore, the administration is depicted as a complex milieu of ideologically disparate actors. Wiles specifically identifies a __28__ between ideological zealots and those motivated by strategic political transitions, exemplified by the burgeoning rivalry between Vice President J. D. Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio. __29__ interpersonal conflicts, the Chief of Staff’s testimony highlights significant departures from evidentiary standards in presidential discourse—most notably regarding historical investigative files. Finally, in the realm of foreign policy, Wiles delineates a shift __30__ aggressive regime-change strategies in Venezuela, while simultaneously emphasizing the constitutional requirement for a legislative mandate to authorize specific military escalations.
26.(A) offer(B) offers(C) is offered(D) is offering
27.(A) stability(B) credibility(C) durability(D) volatility
28.(A) frequency(B) dichotomy(C) paradigm(D) validation
29.(A) Less(B) Therefore(C) Beyond(D) Moreover
30.(A) with(B) toward(C) off(D) on
【解析】這段文字探討了對白宮幕僚長蘇西·威爾斯（Susie Wiles）的採訪紀實，揭示了川普政府內部的運作動態、人事衝突以及外交政策的轉變。
26. (A) offer 提供
句意為「最近基於對白宮幕僚長蘇西·威爾斯廣泛採訪的報導，(26) 提供 了一個難得的診斷視角，讓我們得以一窺川普政府內部的運作動態。」
本句的主詞是「Recent journalistic accounts」（複數），因此動詞應使用複數形動詞 offer。
常用片語：offer an insight into（提供對…的見解）、offer an apology（道歉）
例句：These documents offer a fascinating glimpse into the past.（這些文件提供了對過去極具吸引力的瞥見。）
同義詞：provide, present
反義詞：withdraw, withhold
27. (D) volatility 反覆無常；不穩定
句意為「這種心理上的 (27) 反覆無常 使得幕僚必須頻繁干預，以減緩關於貿易保護主義和司法減刑等單方面決定所帶來的衝擊。」
語境前文提到領導者的性格是「高度斷然且多變的（changeable）」，因此對應的心理特質為 volatility。
常用片語：market volatility（市場波動）、emotional volatility（情緒不穩定）
例句：The price of gold has been characterized by extreme volatility lately.（最近金價的特點是劇烈波動。）
同義詞：instability, fluctuation
反義詞：stability, constancy
28. (B) dichotomy 二分法；對立
句意為「威爾斯特別指出在意識形態狂熱者與那些受策略性政治轉型驅動的人之間存在 (28) 對立，這點可以從副總統萬斯與國務卿魯比奧之間日益增長的競爭中得到證明。」
語境在描述兩群動機截然不同的人（狂熱者 vs 策略者）之間的矛盾或區隔，因此應填入表示「二分、對立」的 dichotomy。
常用片語：a dichotomy between A and B（A 與 B 之間的對立/分歧）
例句：There is a false dichotomy between economic growth and environmental protection.（在經濟增長與環境保護之間存在一種錯誤的二分法。）
同義詞：division, contrast
反義詞：unity, harmony
29. (C) Beyond 除了…之外（還）
句意為「(29) 除了 人際衝突之外，幕僚長的證詞還強調了總統論述中顯著偏離證據標準的情況——特別是關於歷史調查檔案的部分。」
語境顯示文章在討論完「人際衝突」後，要開啟另一個話題（總統論述的準確性），因此使用 Beyond 表示「除了上述內容之外，還有…」。
常用片語：beyond doubt（無庸置疑）、go beyond（超出…範圍）
例句：Beyond the immediate costs, we must consider the long-term effects.（除了直接成本，我們還必須考慮長期影響。）
同義詞：apart from, aside from
反義詞：within, limited to
30. (B) toward 朝向；對於
句意為「最後，在外交政策領域，威爾斯勾勒出 (30) 朝向 在委內瑞拉採取激進政權更迭策略的轉變……」
語境描述政策的「轉變（shift）」，通常搭配 toward 來表示轉變後的目標方向。
常用片語：a shift toward（向…的轉變）、be friendly toward（對…友善）
例句：There has been a major shift in public opinion toward the new law.（公眾對這項新法律的看法發生了重大轉變。）
同義詞：headed for, regarding
反義詞：away from
26. 其他選項
(B) offers：用於單數主詞（本題主詞 accounts 為複數）。
(C) is offered：被動語態，不符合「報導提供視角」的主動語意。
(D) is offering：進行式且為單數動詞，不符語法。
27. 其他選項
(A) stability 穩定性：與前文提到的 changeable（多變的）語意相反。
(B) credibility 可信度：指讓人相信的力量，與性格多變無直接關聯。
(C) durability 耐久性：指物品的耐用程度。
28. 其他選項
(A) frequency 頻率：事物發生的次數。
(C) paradigm 典範；範例。
(D) validation 驗證；證實。
A Ovid’s Metamorphoses, a monumental Latin compendium of Greek myths completed around AD 8, is often mischaracterized as a static relic of antiquity. However, contemporary scholars argue that the text serves as an extraordinarily contemporary document, characterized by an obsession with fluidity, plasticity, and the transgression of boundaries. By exploring the limitations of the human form, the fluidity of gender, and the precarious relationship between humanity and the natural world, Ovid provides a mirror for modern anxieties ranging from technological hubris to ecological crisis.
The thematic malleability of these myths allows each generation to repurpose them to reflect prevailing societal conditions. For instance, the myth of Narcissus, traditionally a cautionary tale against vanity, finds a profound parallel in the digital age’s culture of self-promotion on social media. Similarly, the story of Pygmalion—the sculptor who fell in love with his own creation—is being reinterpreted through the lens of artificial intelligence. In this reading, Pygmalion’s misplaced faith in the superiority of his artificial construct over “real women” mirrors modern society’s dangerous belief that human-engineered algorithms can offer a controlled, perfect solution to complex human problems. This arrogance carries significant risk; much like the character Eliza in George Bernard Shaw’s adaptation of the myth, My Fair Lady, autonomous systems may eventually develop a mind of their own, leading to consequences far less manageable than their creators intended.
Furthermore, Ovid’s work resonates deeply with current socio-political upheavals. The myth of Leto, condemned to perpetual wandering, has been utilized by modern novelists to explore the sense of exile and homelessness inherent in the global refugee crisis. Additionally, the story of Salmacis and Hermaphroditus offers an ancient representation of gender fluidity, suggesting that nature itself possesses an inherent ambiguity that defies rigid categorization. In this context, the Metamorphoses encourages a shift from viewing individuals as deviations of the norm to recognizing them as unique human beings.
Perhaps the most significant modern engagement with Ovid involves “reclaiming the narrative” for victims of violence. While Ovid was often dismissive of the assaults suffered by his female characters, modern feminist writers are reframing these stories. The transformation of Medusa—from a beast with snakes for hair punished for being a victim to a symbol of survivors of sexual assault— exemplifies this shift. Finally, the myth of Philemon and Baucis, who survived a divine flood through their humility and respect for forces beyond their control, serves as a vital fable for the climate change era. Ultimately, Ovid’s work suggests that human survival depends on a fundamental humility in the face of forces we cannot control.
31. According to paragraph 2, how does the myth of Pygmalion relate to modern Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
(A) It suggests that AI will eventually become a physical form of art displayed in museums.
(B) It reflects that artificial creations are superior to and more controllable than natural reality.
(C) It proves that ancient Greeks had developed a conceptual framework for programming.
(D) It serves as a warning that AI will eventually fall in love with its human creators.
32. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the myth of Leto?
(A) It was originally written to provide a legal framework for refugee rights in Rome.
(B) It suggests that Leto was responsible for the upheaval of the modern world.
(C) It is the only myth that does not involve a physical and psychological transformation.
(D) It is used by writers to symbolize the plight of those who are homeless or in exile.
33. According to the passage, how has the perception of Medusa changed in modern times?
(A) She is now viewed as a more terrifying monster than she was in Ovid’s original version.
(B) Artists stop depicting her with snakes in her hair to make her look more human.
(C) She is transformed from a monster to a heroic survivor of sexual assault.
(D) She is now used primarily as a symbol for the dangers of violence on social media.
34. All of the following are mentioned as modern parallels to Ovid’s myths EXCEPT _____.
(A) the discovery of new species in the animal kingdom
(B) the hidden outcomes of autonomous technology
(C) the use of social media for self-promotion
(D) the challenges faced by refugees and displaced persons
35. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Modern adaptations of Ovid, such as My Fair Lady, are more effective at teaching ecological lessons than the original Latin text.
(B) Ovid’s Metamorphoses is primarily a historical record of Greek myths that has lost its relevance in the digital age.
(C) Metamorphoses remains vital today because its themes of change and fluidity allow it to be reinterpreted to address modern crises.
(D) The primary purpose of Ovid’s work was to warn ancient Roman leaders about the dangers of excessive pride and vanity.
【解析】這篇短文探討了奧維德（Ovid）的《變形記》（Metamorphoses）如何跨越時空，成為反映現代社會焦慮與現象的鏡子。以下為你詳細解析這五道題目：
________________________________________
31. 根據第二段，皮格馬利翁（Pygmalion）的神話與現代人工智慧（AI）有何關聯？
• 正確答案：(B)
• 解析： 文中提到，皮格馬利翁迷戀自己創造的雕塑，認為人工產物優於「真實女性」。這對應到現代社會有一種「危險的信念」，認為人造的演算法（AI）能提供比複雜現實更「完美且受控」的解決方案。
o (A) 錯誤：文中未提到 AI 會變成博物館藝術品。
o (C) 錯誤：文中未提到古希臘人發明程式架構。
o (D) 錯誤：文中是說 AI 可能會發展出難以控制的自我意識，而非「愛上人類」。
32. 關於勒托（Leto）的神話，從第三段可以推論出什麼？
• 正確答案：(D)
• 解析： 文中明確指出，勒托被詛咒永久流放（perpetual wandering），現代小說家利用這個故事來探討全球難民危機中的「流亡感與無家可歸感」（sense of exile and homelessness）。
o (A) 錯誤：並非法律框架。
o (B) 錯誤：勒托並非現代動盪的負責人。
o (C) 錯誤：文中未提到她是「唯一」不涉及變形的神話。
33. 根據本文，現代對梅杜莎（Medusa）的看法有何改變？
• 正確答案：(C)
• 解析： 文末提到，現代女性主義作家正在「重構敘事」。梅杜莎從一個因為是受害者卻受懲罰的「怪獸」，轉變為「性侵倖存者」的象徵（symbol of survivors of sexual assault）。
o (A) 錯誤：現代看法的恐怖感降低，同情與賦權感提升。
o (B) 錯誤：文中未提到不再畫蛇髮。
o (D) 錯誤：她是倖存者的象徵，而非社交媒體暴力的象徵（那是 Narcissus 納西瑟斯）。
34. 下列何者「沒有」在文中被提到作為與奧維德神話對應的現代平行現象？
• 正確答案：(A)
• 解析： * (B) 自主技術的隱藏後果：有提到（Pygmalion/AI/My Fair Lady）。
o (C) 使用社群媒體自我宣傳：有提到（Narcissus）。
o (D) 難民與流離失所者的挑戰：有提到（Leto）。
o 文中完全沒有提到「發現動物界新物種」。
35. 下列哪一項最能表達本文的主旨？
• 正確答案：(C)
• 解析： 整篇文章的核心論點是：奧維德的《變形記》並非過時的古蹟，而是因為其「變動性」與「流動性」的主題，讓每一代人都能重新詮釋它來應對現代危機（如 AI、氣候變遷、性別流動、難民問題）。
o (A) 錯誤：範圍太窄，且文中未說現代改編比原著更有效。
o (B) 錯誤：與文章觀點相反，文章認為它極具現代價值。
o (D) 錯誤：這是傳統看法，並非本文強調的現代轉型意義。
In contemporary higher education, the discourse surrounding generative artificial intelligence (AI) has largely coalesced around a set of comforting metaphors. University policies and academic handbooks frequently characterize AI as a “tool,” a “tutor,” or a “helpful assistant.” While these descriptors aim to provide pragmatic clarity, they are far from neutral. Instead, these metaphors exert a profound, often invisible, influence on how educators and students conceptualize the technology’s role in the cultivation of critical thinking.
The cognitive power of metaphors is well-documented. A landmark study by Stanford psychologists Paul Thibodeau and Lera Boroditsky demonstrated that framing crime as either a “beast” or a “plague” significantly altered the solutions participants proposed—steering them toward either punitive measures or social reform, respectively. Crucially, participants remained largely unaware of the metaphor’s influence, instead attributing their decisions to raw statistics. Similarly, viewing AI as a “tool” implies a degree of moral neutrality and human agency; much like a hammer, the responsibility for its effects is placed squarely on the user. This perspective, however, obscures the ways in which AI systems actively shape interpretations and manipulate judgment, potentially undermining the intellectual habits academics seek to foster.
The “assistant” metaphor further complicates the pedagogical landscape by suggesting a clear hierarchy where the human remains in control. This narrative masks the emergence of a “second hidden curriculum,” wherein AI does not merely assist but actively directs learning by structuring explanations and modeling specific cognitive pathways. When AI is anthropomorphized—attributed human qualities like “going rogue” or being “racist”—it further dilutes accountability. Such language allows users to look away from the institutional and corporate biases embedded within the algorithms, leading to a drift in moral responsibility.
To counteract these cognitive distortions, some scholars suggest a transition from convenient metaphors to disciplined, technical vocabulary. Rather than “brainstorming with AI,” users should recognize the process as “engaging in probabilistic text generation” under specific algorithmic constraints. Shifting from the concept of “hallucinations” to “predictive text failure” transforms verification from an optional task into a fundamental academic practice. Ultimately, by stripping away misleading metaphors and insisting on technical precision, the academic community can better maintain moral responsibility and pedagogical integrity, ensuring that the development of thought remains a distinctly human endeavor.
36. According to paragraph 2, why is the “tool” metaphor for AI considered problematic?
(A) It suggests that AI has its own moral agency and can make decisions.
(B) It encourages students to use AI for manual labor rather than intellectual tasks.
(C) It fails to account for the physical weight and hardware constraints of AI systems.
(D) It implies that any negative outcomes are solely the user’s fault.
37. Why does the author mention the study by Paul Thibodeau and Lera Boroditsky?
(A) To indicate that metaphors can manipulate human problem-solving and decision-making.
(B) To argue that crime in cities is subjected to either punishment or reform.
(C) To show that psychologists are more qualified than computer scientists to discuss AI.
(D) To illustrate that the use of “beast” metaphor is better than the “plague” metaphor.
38. According to paragraph 3, what is the “second hidden curriculum”?
(A) The secret set of lesson plans developed by corporations to replace traditional teachers.
(B) The process by which AI subtly directs learning and structures student thought processes.
(C) The specialized course designed to teach students how to use AI tools effectively.
(D) The unofficial social interactions that take place among students in a classroom.
39. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of anthropomorphizing AI?
(A) It makes it easier to ignore corporate choices embedded in the AI system.
(B) It leads to the idea that the AI system has “gone rogue” when it produces errors.
(C) It encourages users to think using the AI system is a key to success.
(D) It allows users to take an evasive attitude in moral responsibility
40. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that shifting to technical language like “predictive text failure” would _____.
(A) make the technology seem more human and approachable
(B) highlight the user’s role in interpreting and evaluating the output
(C) eliminate the need for students to learn experimental language design
(D) allow users to stop worrying about algorithmic constraints
【解析】這篇文章深入探討了我們在描述生成式人工智慧（AI）時所使用的「隱喻」（metaphors）如何影響我們的認知與責任感。作者主張，將 AI 比喻為「工具」或「助理」會掩蓋技術本身的偏差，並建議改用精確的技術術語。
36. 根據第二段，為什麼將 AI 比喻為「工具」被認為是有問題的？
• 正確答案：(D)
• 解析： 文中提到，將 AI 視為「工具」（如鐵錘）暗示了中立性與人類能動性，這使得**「效果的責任完全落在使用者身上」**（responsibility… is placed squarely on the user）。這種觀點掩蓋了 AI 系統其實會主動影響解釋並操縱判斷的事實。
o (A) 錯誤：工具隱喻暗示 AI 「沒有」代理權，這正是作者擔心的誤導點。
o (B) 錯誤：文中未討論手動勞動與智力任務的區別。
o (C) 錯誤：硬體重量與本文討論的認知影響無關。
37. 作者為何提到 Paul Thibodeau 與 Lera Boroditsky 的研究？
• 正確答案： (A)
• 解析： 引用該研究是為了證明**「隱喻的認知力量」**。研究顯示，僅僅是將犯罪形容為「野獸」或「瘟疫」，就會顯著改變受試者提出的解決方案（懲罰或改革），藉此類比 AI 的隱喻也會無形中影響教育者的決策。
o (B) 錯誤：這只是研究的具體內容，而非作者引用它的主要目的（論證隱喻的力量）。
o (C) 錯誤：文中未比較心理學家與電腦科學家的專業資格。
o (D) 錯誤：作者並非在比較這兩個隱喻優劣，而是說明隱喻如何影響思考。
38. 根據第三段，什麼是「第二個隱藏課程」（second hidden curriculum）？
• 正確答案：(B)
• 解析： 文中定義這個術語是指：AI 不僅僅是輔助，而是**「主動引導學習，透過構建解釋與模擬特定的認知路徑」**（actively directs learning by structuring explanations and modeling specific cognitive pathways）。
o (A) 錯誤：並非指企業要取代老師的秘密計畫。
o (C) 錯誤：並非指教導 AI 使用技巧的專門課程。
o (D) 錯誤：這是教育學中傳統「隱藏課程」的定義，但非本文指涉的 AI 相關定義。
39. 下列何者「沒有」被提到是「將 AI 人格化」（anthropomorphizing AI）的後果？
• 正確答案：(C)
• 解析： * (A) 忽略系統中的企業選擇：有提到（look away from… corporate biases）。
o (B) 產生系統「失控」的觀點：有提到（attributed… “going rogue”）。
o (D) 逃避道德責任：有提到（drift in moral responsibility）。
o 文中並未提到人格化會讓使用者認為使用 AI 是「成功的關鍵」。
40. 在第四段中，作者建議轉向使用「預測文本失敗」等技術性語言將會？
• 正確答案：(B)
• 解析： 作者認為將「幻覺」（hallucination）改稱為「預測文本失敗」，會讓**「查核驗證」從選配任務轉化為「基本的學術實踐」**（transforms verification… into a fundamental academic practice）。這強調了使用者在評估輸出結果時不可或缺的角色。
o (A) 錯誤：技術術語是為了讓它看起來「不」像人類。
o (C) 錯誤：文中未提到消除學習語言設計的需求。
o (D) 錯誤：作者是希望使用者更「意識到」演算法的限制，而非停止擔憂。
Cancer prevention is often discussed as a long-term ideal, yet this study argues that it can be quantified in concrete, policy-relevant terms. The researchers estimate how many new cancer cases in 2022 could be linked to exposures that can, at least in principle, be reduced through individual behavior change, public health programs, regulation, or safer environments. Their work sits within comparative risk assessment and cancer epidemiology and relies on professional concepts such as carcinogenic exposure pathways (chemical, infectious, environmental, and occupational), the time lag between exposure and diagnosis (latency), and the population-attributable fraction (PAF). PAF is a standard metric that combines exposure prevalence with the relative risk associated with that exposure to estimate the proportion of cases that would not occur if the exposure were removed, assuming the relationship is causal and other conditions remain unchanged. To generate globally comparable estimates, the study combines cancer incidence counts from GLOBOCAN 2022 with risk-factor prevalence and effect estimates for 30 modifiable risk factors. The analysis covers 36 cancer sites and 185 countries and groups risks into four broad domains: behavioral (e.g., tobacco smoking and alcohol use), environmental (e.g., ambient particulate air pollution and ultraviolet radiation), infectious causes (nine infection agents linked to cancer), and occupational hazards (thirteen workplace carcinogens or exposure settings). Because many cancers develop over years, the researchers primarily align incidence in 2022 with exposure prevalence from roughly a decade earlier (around 2012). They then apply PAF calculations to estimate attributable cancer incidence by sex, region, cancer site, and risk factor, offering both proportional burdens and absolute case counts.
The central finding is that modifiable risks account for a large share of new cancers worldwide. The researchers estimate about 7.1 million of 18.7 million new cancer cases in 2022—approximately 37.8%—were attributable to the included risk factors. The attributable share is notably higher among men (about 45.4%) than among women (about 29.7%), reflecting sex differences in exposure patterns and infection-related burdens. Regional variation is substantial, which underscores the need for local tailoring rather than relying on a single “global template.” In women, the estimated attributable fraction ranges from about 24.6% in Northern Africa and Western Asia to about 38.2% in sub-Saharan Africa. In men, it ranges from about 28.1% in Latin America and the Caribbean to about 57.2% in East Asia. Such contrasts indicate that prevention priorities must be calibrated to regional risk profiles, health-system capacities, and demographic structures.
Across all regions, tobacco smoking emerges as the largest single contributor to incident cancers (around 15.1% globally), followed by infection-related cancers (about 10.2%), with alcohol use contributing additional burden (about 3.2%). These drivers map onto cancer-site patterns that help interpret where prevention could yield the largest gains. Lung cancer accounts for the greatest number of potentially preventable cases worldwide, consistent with the dominant role of smoking. Stomach cancer and cervical cancer also represent major preventable burdens in many settings, aligning with infection pathways and the potential impact of vaccination, screening, and timely treatment of precursor conditions.
The study’s contribution is both empirical and practical. Empirically, it offers an updated, standardized picture of preventable cancer incidence in 2022 across countries and regions, using consistent assumptions and a harmonized risk set. Practically, it translates etiologic evidence into a prevention “roadmap,” allowing policymakers to compare potential impact across different interventions. The researchers’ results support prioritizing strong tobacco control, scaling effective infection prevention and control measures (including vaccination and screening where appropriate), reducing harmful alcohol consumption, improving air quality and UV protection in relevant contexts, and strengthening occupational safeguards. Overall, the study reinforces a prevention-centered framing: while treatment remains indispensable, a sizable portion of cancer incidence can be addressed by targeted actions that reduce exposure to major, changeable risks.
The researchers also emphasize that attributable fractions are not predictions of what will automatically happen but scenario-based estimates that help rank prevention opportunities. PAF calculations assume that exposure–cancer links are causal and that removing an exposure would reduce risk without creating offsetting harms. They also require careful handling of correlated exposures (for example, smoking and alcohol) and of data gaps where prevalence or effect estimates are less precise. Even with these caveats, the analysis provides a transparent benchmark for prevention planning: it identifies which risk factors dominate in a given region, which cancer sites drive the absolute number of avoidable cases, and where prevention could complement screening and early detection to produce the greatest population-level benefit.
41. Which main idea best matches the passage?
(A) Comparing new chemotherapy outcomes across continents
(B) Describing imaging tools for earlier tumor detection
(C) Explaining cancer mainly through inherited genetic traits
(D) Quantifying preventable cancer incidence across regions
42. In this passage, “PAF” is best understood as .
(A) a reckoning of avoidable cases if the exposure were removed
(B) a laboratory index measuring genetic mutation frequency
(C) a clinical score predicting tumor stage at initial diagnosis
(D) a survival metric calculated after completing chemotherapy
43. In paragraph 3, “Such contrasts” most accurately refers to which of the following?
(A) Discrepancies between the researchers’ incidence-based PAF model.
(B) Divergences between the study’s PAF values and prior analyses for individual countries
(C) Large regional differences in the proportions of new cancers under modifiable risks
(D) Variation arising from grouping behavioral and occupational risk factors.
44. Which of the following is NOT reported in the passage?
(A) Infections were the leading attributable risk factor for women in most countries examined.
(B) The PAF calculation assumes a causal relationship between the exposure and cancer risk.
(C) The 2022 PAF estimates are compared with other decades to measure prevention progress.
(D) Tobacco smoking accounted for approximately 15.1% of all new cancer cases globally.
45. Which policy recommendation is best supported by the passage?
(A) Prioritize expansion of occupational safety standards as the dominant cancer prevention intervention.
(B) Strengthen tobacco control alongside infection prevention and control as priority interventions.
(C) Scale up population-based cancer screening to serve as the primary substitute for riskfactor reduction.
(D) Concentrate alcohol reduction programs in high-income regions, where consumption levels are higher.
【解析】這篇短文主要討論一份關於可預防癌症發病率的研究。研究人員透過量化數據，證明了全球很大一部分的癌症病例是可以透過改變行為、公共衛生政策或環境監管來避免的。
41. 哪一個主旨最符合本文？
答案：(D) 量化不同地區可預防的癌症發病率
• 解析： 文章開頭就提到，這項研究旨在將癌症預防轉化為「具體的、與政策相關的」數據。全文核心在於計算 2022 年全球不同地區、不同性別中，有多少比例的癌症是由「可改變的風險因素」引起的。
42. 在文中，「PAF」最適當的理解是？
答案：(A) 估算若移除致癌因素後可避免的病例數
• 解析： 文章明確定義了 人口歸因分量（PAF）：這是一個結合了風險暴露率與相對風險的指標，用來估計「如果該風險因素被移除，有多少比例的病例將不會發生」。
43. 第三段中的「Such contrasts」（這些對比）最精確是指什麼？
答案：(C) 各地區在「可歸因於可改變風險之新發癌症比例」上的巨大差異
• 解析： 在這句話之前，文中舉例說明了數據的差異：例如女性在北非/西亞的 PAF 為 24.6%，而在撒哈拉以南非洲則高達 38.2%；男性在東亞更高達 57.2%。這些數據反映了不同地理區域之間的顯著差距。
44. 下列哪一項「沒有」在文中提到？
答案：(C) 將 2022 年的 PAF 估計值與其他年代進行比較，以衡量預防工作的進展
• 解析： * 文中提到 2012 年的數據是為了考量潛伏期（latency）（因為現在的癌症是十年前的暴露造成的），而非為了「衡量預防進展」。
o (A) 文中提到女性在某些地區感染相關負擔較重。
o (B) 文中有提到 PAF 計算假設暴露與癌症之間存在因果關係。
o (D) 文中確實標註煙草佔全球新發病例的 15.1%。
45. 本文最支持哪項政策建議？
答案：(B) 加強煙草控制，並同時將感染預防與控制列為優先干預措施
• 解析： 根據研究結果，煙草是最大的單一致癌因素（15.1%），感染則是第二大（10.2%）。研究結論明確指出，應優先考慮「強力的煙草控制」以及「擴大有效的感染防控措施（如疫苗接種和篩查）」。
關鍵術語 中文解釋
Modifiable Risks 可改變的風險：如吸菸、飲酒、感染、空污等。
PAF (Population-Attributable Fraction) 人口歸因分量：衡量某風險對疾病發生的「貢獻度」。
Tobacco Smoking 煙草吸食：全球最強的致癌因子（15.1%）。
Infectious Agents 感染因子：如人類乳突病毒 (HPV)、肝炎病毒等（10.2%）。
Regional Variation 地域差異：強調預防政策需要因地制宜，不能一套模板套用全球。
Obesity has become a major public-health concern among young adults because it is associated not only with excess body weight but also with abnormal blood lipid profiles, metabolic dysregulation, and long-term cardiovascular risk. College students are a particularly important group because this period is often when lifelong exercise habits are formed, yet academic pressure, sedentary routines, irregular sleep, and unhealthy diets may increase obesity-related risks. One study compared two exercise strategies for college students with obesity: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). HIIT alternates demanding exercise with lower intensity recovery periods, whereas MICT maintains a steadier aerobic intensity for a longer continuous period. Although both approaches are widely used for weight control and cardiovascular fitness, the researchers noted that direct comparisons in obese college students, especially with attention to sex-based differences and biochemical indicators, remained limited.
The purpose of the study was to examine whether HIIT and MICT differ in their effects on weight, body composition, lipid profiles, and metabolic health. Forty college students aged 18 to 25 with obesity were included in the final analysis, with equal numbers of men and women. Participants were randomly assigned to a HIIT or MICT group, and each group was further divided into male and female subgroups. The intervention lasted eight weeks, with three treadmill-based sessions at night per week on nonconsecutive days. The MICT group performed 35 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise at 60-70% of maximum heart rate. The HIIT group completed a shorter 28-minute session consisting of four cycles: four minutes at 85-90% of maximum heart rate followed by three minutes of recovery at 50-60%. Heart-rate monitors and ratings of perceived exertion were used to check training intensity.
To make the comparison fairer, the researchers estimated oxygen consumption so that the two exercise protocols involved similar energy expenditure. Participants were also asked to maintain their usual diet and daily routines, although formal food diaries were not used.
The researchers assessed changes in body morphology, body composition, and biochemical markers before and after the intervention. Body-related measurements included weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%), waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. Biochemical measurements included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and uric acid (UA). These markers were important because obesity is often accompanied by dyslipidemia, which refers to an abnormal lipid profile marked by elevated TC, TG, and LDL-C and reduced HDL-C. ALT is relevant because elevated values may be associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and liver-related metabolic stress, while UA reflects purine metabolism and renal function.
The findings showed that both HIIT and MICT produced beneficial changes after eight weeks. Participants in both groups generally reduced weight, BMI, waist and hip measurements, waist-tohip ratio, and BF%. However, HIIT produced a more favorable decline in body fat than MICT. Reductions in BF% were larger in the HIIT subgroups than in the MICT subgroups, with female HIIT participants showing the greatest proportional decrease. The study also found that improvements in body-related indicators tended to be larger during the first four weeks than during the second four weeks, suggesting that early adaptation to exercise may be especially visible before progress gradually stabilizes. Despite these improvements, participants’ waist-to-hip ratios still remained above normal Asian reference levels, indicating that central obesity was not fully resolved within eight weeks.
Biochemical results also favored HIIT in several respects. Both exercise programs improved lipid related indicators, but HIIT was especially effective in reducing TG in both men and women. Male HIIT participants also showed a larger reduction in LDL-C than male MICT participants. HDL-C increased after training, while TC, TG, LDL-C, ALT, and UA generally decreased. The researchers suggested several mechanisms for HIIT’s stronger effects, including greater excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, increased fat oxidation, and stronger hormonal responses involving catecholamines and growth hormone. These mechanisms may allow HIIT to create meaningful metabolic benefits in less exercise time than MICT.
The study contributes evidence that HIIT may be a time-efficient intervention for improving body composition and selected metabolic markers in obese college students. It also highlights the value of examining sex-based differences and multiple health indicators rather than relying on body weight alone. Nevertheless, the researchers acknowledged several limitations. The study did not include a non-exercise control group, did not use rigorous dietary records such as 24-hour recalls, and involved a relatively small sample. Future research should include better dietary monitoring, longer follow-up periods, and a control group to clarify whether HIIT’s advantages persist over time.
46. According to the passage, which statement correctly describes the exercise protocols?
(A) HIIT used four high-intensity cycles; MICT used steady moderate exercise.
(B) HIIT required longer continuous sessions than MICT each training day.
(C) Both protocols were paired with formal supervised dietary restrictions.
(D) MICT alternated sprint intervals with low-intensity treadmill recovery.
47. In the paragraph 3, “dyslipidemia” most nearly refers to .
(A) a temporary decrease in perceived exertion during exercise
(B) an abnormal lipid profile involving TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C
(C) a loss of muscle strength caused by high-intensity training
(D) an increase in oxygen use during recovery from exercise
48. Which statement is correct according to the passage?
(A) Formal 24-hour dietary recalls allowed researchers to eliminate dietary influence.
(B) MICT was superior for reducing body fat because sessions lasted seven minutes longer.
(C) HIIT showed stronger body-fat reductions, with the female HIIT subgroup better.
(D) The non-exercise control group proved that both interventions beat no exercise.
49. Which of the following outcomes or procedures is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Researchers estimated each participant’s oxygen consumption at target heart rates to equalize energy expenditure across groups.
(B) Body-composition improvements were more pronounced during the first four weeks than during the final four weeks of the intervention.
(C) Heart-rate monitors and ratings of perceived exertion were used to verify that participants maintained the intended training intensity.
(D) Blood samples were also analyzed for fasting glucose and insulin sensitivity, both of which improved significantly more.
50. Which of the following statements is NOT correct according to the passage?
(A) Training sessions were scheduled three times per week on nonconsecutive days, and all sessions were conducted in the evening on a motorized treadmill.
(B) To ensure a fair comparison, the two exercise protocols were executed so that participants in both groups expended a similar estimated amount of energy per session.
(C) After completing the 8-week intervention, participants’ waist-to-hip ratios had dropped to the normal reference range established for Asian adults of their age group.
(D) The researchers acknowledged that the absence of a non-exercise control group and the lack of rigorous dietary monitoring were notable limitations of the study
【解析】這篇短文比較了高強度間歇訓練 (HIIT) 與 中等強度連續訓練 (MICT) 對肥胖大學生的影響。研究結果顯示，雖然兩種運動都有益，但 HIIT 在減脂和改善特定代謝指標方面表現更佳。
以下是針對問題的詳細解析：
46. 根據本文，關於運動方案的描述哪一項正確？
答案：(A) HIIT 使用四個高強度循環；MICT 使用穩定的中等強度運動。
第二段提到，HIIT 組完成四個循環（4分鐘高強度+3分鐘恢復），而 MICT 組則進行 35 分鐘持續性的有氧運動（最大心率的 60-70%）。
47. 在第三段中，「dyslipidemia」（血脂異常）最接近的意思是？
答案：(B) 涉及 TC、TG、LDL-C 和 HDL-C 的異常脂質特徵。
文章第四段明確解釋，血脂異常是指一種「異常的脂質狀態」，其特徵為總膽固醇 (TC)、三酸甘油酯 (TG) 和低密度脂蛋白 (LDL-C) 升高，以及高密度脂蛋白 (HDL-C) 降低。
48. 根據本文，下列哪項敘述正確？
答案：(C) HIIT 在減少體脂方面效果更強，其中女性 HIIT 小組表現更好。
第五段指出：「HIIT 比 MICT 產生了更理想的體脂下降」，並且特別提到「女性 HIIT 參與者的比例下降幅度最大」。
49. 下列哪項結果或程序「沒有」在文中提到？
答案：(D) 血液樣本也分析了空腹血糖和胰島素敏感性，且兩者都有顯著改善。
(A) 文中提到研究人員估算氧耗量以平衡能量消耗。
(B) 文中提到前四週的改善比後四週明顯。
(C) 文中提到使用心率監測器和自覺運動強度量表。
(D) 錯誤： 文中列出的生化指標包括 TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、ALT 和尿酸 (UA)，但並未提及空腹血糖或胰島素敏感性。
50. 根據本文，下列哪項敘述「不正確」？
答案：(C) 完成 8 週干預後，參與者的腰臀比已降至該年齡層亞洲成人的正常參考範圍。
第五段結尾明確提到：「參與者的腰臀比仍高於正常的亞洲參考水平，這表明中心性肥胖在 8 週內並未完全解決。」這與選項 (C) 說已降至正常範圍相矛盾。
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