115 新北市公立高中教師甄選試題英文科

1. The lawyer was hired to _____ the contract, carefully reviewing each section and flagging any clauses that did not meet stringent legal requirements.

(A) scrutinize (B) ratify(C) consolidate (D) disseminate

解析】句意為「這名律師受聘去_______合約，仔細審閱每個章節，並標註出任何不符合嚴格法律要求的條款。」

語境顯示律師的工作是仔細檢查與審核，因此應填入「詳細檢查、審閱」，故正確答案為

(A) scrutinize 詳細檢查；審閱

scrutinize a document（仔細審閱文件）

under the scrutiny of（在……的嚴密監視下）

The inspectors arrived to scrutinize the company’s financial records for any signs of fraud.

檢查員抵達以詳細檢查該公司的財務紀錄，尋找任何詐欺跡象。

同義詞： examine, inspect, investigate

反義詞： glance at, ignore, skim

(B) ratify 批准；認可

ratify a treaty（批准條約）

The parliament is expected to ratify the agreement by the end of the month.

議會預計會在月底前批准該項協議。

同義詞： approve, endorse, confirm

反義詞： reject, veto, deny

consolidate power（鞏固權力）

The company decided to consolidate its offices into one single location.

該公司決定將其辦公室合併至同一個地點。

同義詞： merge, combine, strengthen

反義詞： divide, separate, weaken

(D) disseminate 散布；傳播

disseminate information（散布資訊）

The organization aims to disseminate knowledge about environmental protection.

該組織旨在傳播關於環境保護的知識。

同義詞： spread, circulate, broadcast

反義詞： conceal, suppress, gather

2. The hospital introduced new protocols to _____ the adverse effects of prolonged medication on elderly patients, prompted by a series of alarming incidents.

(A) perpetuate

(B) substantiate

(D) exacerbate

【解析】句意為「醫院引入了新的醫療規程，以_______長期用藥對老年病患產生的副作用，這是由一連串令人擔憂的事件所引發的。」

語境顯示醫院引入新規定是為了減輕或改善負面影響，因此應填入「減輕、緩解」，故正確答案為

mitigate the risk（降低風險）

mitigate the damage（減輕損害）

The government implemented new policies to mitigate the effects of the economic crisis.

政府實施了新政策以減輕經濟危機帶來的影響。

同義詞： alleviate, relieve, lessen

反義詞： aggravate, intensify, worsen

(A) perpetuate 使永存；使持續

perpetuate a myth（使神話流傳下去）

The system tends to perpetuate inequality rather than resolve it.

這個系統往往只會使不平等持續存在，而非解決它。

同義詞： maintain, preserve, sustain

反義詞： abolish, stop, cease

(B) substantiate 證實；驗證

substantiate a claim（證實說法）

There is no evidence to substantiate his allegations of corruption.

沒有證據可以證實他關於腐敗的指控。

同義詞： verify, confirm, prove

反義詞： disprove, refute, contradict

(D) exacerbate 惡化；加劇

exacerbate the problem（使問題惡化）

Ignoring the issue will only exacerbate the situation in the long run.

長期而言，忽視該問題只會使情況更惡化。

同義詞： aggravate, worsen, intensify

反義詞： alleviate, improve, calm

3. The leaked documents _____ the politician’s credibility, and the resulting scandal caused widespread public outrage that threatened her re-election campaign.

(A) galvanized

(B) bolstered

(D) undermined

【解析】句意為「洩漏出的文件_______了這位政治人物的信譽，由此產生的醜聞引發了公眾的強烈憤怒，威脅到她的連任競選。」

語境顯示文件導致了信譽受損，從而引發醜聞與憤怒，因此應填入「削弱、損害」，故正確答案為

(D) undermine 削弱；損害

undermine one’s confidence（打擊某人的信心）

undermine the authority（削弱權威）

The constant criticism began to undermine her belief in her own abilities.

持續的批評開始削弱她對自己能力的信心。

同義詞： weaken, compromise, sabotage

反義詞： strengthen, reinforce, support

(A) galvanize 激勵；刺激

galvanize into action（激勵……採取行動）

The news of the scandal served to galvanize the voters into demanding change.

這則醜聞的消息刺激了選民，使他們要求變革。

同義詞： stimulate, motivate, stir

反義詞： discourage, dishearten, deter

(B) bolster 支持；加強

bolster support（加強支持）

The politician made a speech to bolster her position before the upcoming vote.

這位政治人物在投票前發表了一場演說，以鞏固她的立場。

同義詞： strengthen, reinforce, support

反義詞： undermine, weaken, erode

corroborate a statement（證實陳述）

New witnesses were able to corroborate the victim’s version of events.

新的證人能夠證實受害者對事件經過的說法。

同義詞： confirm, verify, support

反義詞： contradict, refute, disprove

4. The interviewer’s thoughtful approach helped _____ candid responses from the participants, revealing patterns that proved invaluable to the study.

(A) curtail

(B) elicit

(D) refute

【解析】句意為「面試官深思熟慮的方式有助於_______參與者坦率的回應，揭示了對研究極具價值的模式。」

語境顯示面試官的引導使參與者願意分享內心想法，因此應填入「引出、誘出」，故正確答案為

(B) elicit 引出；誘出

elicit a response（引出回應）

elicit the truth（查明真相）

The teacher used clever questions to elicit creative ideas from her students.

老師利用巧妙的問題來引出學生們的創意點子。

同義詞： extract, obtain, evoke

反義詞： suppress, stifle, hide

(A) curtail 縮減；限制

curtail expenses（縮減開支）

We had to curtail our meeting because the room was needed for another group.

我們不得不縮短會議時間，因為另一個團體需要使用該房間。

同義詞： shorten, reduce, decrease

反義詞： increase, expand, extend

inhibit development（阻礙發展）

High interest rates often inhibit economic growth.

高利率通常會抑制經濟成長。

同義詞： hinder, impede, suppress

反義詞： encourage, promote, foster

(D) refute 反駁；駁斥

refute an argument（駁斥論點）

She had the evidence to refute his claims of innocence.

她有證據可以駁斥他關於清白的聲明。

同義詞： contradict, disprove, deny

反義詞： confirm, support, substantiate

5. Despite the contentious nature of the proposal, the council eventually reached a _____ on the new housing development, although several members expressed lingering reservations.

(A) mandate

(B) stalemate

(D) precedent

【解析】句意為「儘管這項提案具有爭議性，但理事會最終針對新的住宅開發案達成了_______，儘管幾名成員仍表示有顧慮。」

語境顯示理事會儘管有爭議，最後還是達成了共識，故正確答案為

reach a consensus（達成共識）

by common consensus（經共同協商）

After hours of intense debate, the committee finally reached a consensus on the new policy.

在經歷數小時激烈的辯論後，委員會最終針對新政策達成了一致的共識。

同義詞： agreement, accord, concord

反義詞： disagreement, discord, dissension

(A) mandate 授權；命令

have a mandate to（獲得……的授權）

The government won a strong mandate from the people to implement reforms.

政府獲得人民強而有力的授權來實施改革。

同義詞： authorization, approval, command

反義詞： prohibition, refusal, veto

(B) stalemate 僵局

break the stalemate（打破僵局）

The negotiations ended in a stalemate as neither side was willing to compromise.

由於雙方都不願妥協，談判以僵局告終。

同義詞： deadlock, impasse, standstill

反義詞： breakthrough, progress, agreement

(D) precedent 先例

set a precedent（建立先例）

The court’s decision will set a legal precedent for future cases of this nature.

法院的判決將為未來這類案件建立法律先例。

同義詞： model, criterion, guide

反義詞： innovation, original, novelty

6. The researcher’s _____ was called into question after colleagues, alarmed by glaring inconsistencies, discovered that some of the data had been fabricated.

(A) affluence

(B) integrity

(D) tenacity

【解析】句意為「這名研究人員的_______受到質疑，因為同事們被明顯的不一致所震驚，發現部分數據是捏造的。」

語境顯示數據造假會影響個人品格與職業道德，因此應填入「正直、操守」，故正確答案為

(B) integrity 正直；操守

maintain one’s integrity（保持操守）

professional integrity（職業道德）

The judge is known for his unwavering integrity and commitment to justice.

這位法官以其堅定的正直操守和對正義的奉獻而聞名。

同義詞： honesty, honor, probity

反義詞： dishonesty, corruption, deceitfulness

(A) affluence 富裕；豐富

live in affluence（過著富裕的生活）

The area is known for its extreme affluence and large, luxurious homes.

該地區以其極度富裕和大型豪華住宅而聞名。

同義詞： wealth, prosperity, opulence

反義詞： poverty, destitution, indigence

a sense of pragmatism（實用主義精神）

His approach to business is rooted in pragmatism rather than theory.

他處理商業的方式紮根於實用主義，而非理論。

同義詞： practicality, realism, utilitarianism

反義詞： idealism, impracticality, theoreticalness

(D) tenacity 堅韌；不屈不撓

with great tenacity（以極大的毅力）

She faced many obstacles but showed great tenacity in completing her research.

她面臨許多障礙，但在完成研究過程中展現了極大的毅力。

同義詞： persistence, determination, perseverance

反義詞： weakness, surrender, irresolution

7. The hiring panel faced a _____ when none of the viable candidates met all the criteria, leaving them uncertain about how to fill the senior position.

(A) deadlock

(B) backlash

(D) conundrum

【解析】句意為「聘用小組面臨一個_______，因為沒有一個合適的候選人符合所有條件，讓他們對於如何填補這個高階職位感到不知所措。」

語境顯示面試官面臨一個難題或困境，導致無法輕易做決定，因此應填入「難題、困境」，故正確答案為

(D) conundrum 難題；困境

solve a conundrum（解決難題）

a complex conundrum（複雜的難題）

The lack of funding for the new project created a difficult conundrum for the management team.

新計畫缺乏資金，這為管理團隊製造了一個困難的處境。

同義詞： dilemma, puzzle, predicament

反義詞： solution, answer, resolution

(A) deadlock 僵局

reach a deadlock（陷入僵局）

The strike ended after the management and the union finally broke the deadlock.

在管理層與工會最終打破僵局後，罷工結束了。

同義詞： stalemate, impasse, standoff

反義詞： breakthrough, agreement, consensus

(B) backlash 強烈反對；反彈

a political backlash（政治上的強烈反彈）

The new tax policy faced a severe backlash from small business owners.

這項新稅務政策面臨來自小型企業主強烈的反彈。

同義詞： reaction, resistance, opposition

反義詞： support, acceptance, approval

a budget surplus（預算盈餘）

The country has a surplus of grain this year due to the favorable weather.

由於氣候宜人，該國今年的穀物過剩。

同義詞： excess, abundance, remainder

反義詞： deficit, shortage, lack

8. The government failed to anticipate the _____ of the unforeseen policy change, yet continued to dismiss concerns from trade experts across the region.

(A) ramifications

(B) prerequisites

(D) endorsements

【解析】句意為「政府未能預見到該項未預料到的政策變動所帶來的_______，卻仍然持續無視該地區貿易專家們的擔憂。」

語境顯示政府忽略了政策變動所產生的後續影響與結果，因此應填入「後果、影響」，故正確答案為

(A) ramifications 後果；影響（通常指複雜的衍生影響）

the ramifications of a decision（決策的後果）

study the ramifications（研究其衍生影響）

The long-term environmental ramifications of industrial pollution are becoming increasingly clear.

工業污染帶來的長期環境影響正變得日益清晰。

同義詞： consequences, implications, repercussions

反義詞： cause, origin, source

(B) prerequisites 先決條件；前提

meet the prerequisites（符合先決條件）

A bachelor’s degree is one of the prerequisites for this job.

學士學位是這份工作的先決條件之一。

同義詞： requirements, conditions, essentials

反義詞： option, elective, luxury

provide incentives（提供誘因）

The company offers financial incentives for employees who meet their sales targets.

公司為達成銷售目標的員工提供財務上的獎勵誘因。

同義詞： motivation, encouragement, inducement

反義詞： deterrent, disincentive, hindrance

(D) endorsements 背書；支持；贊同

receive endorsements（獲得支持/背書）

The celebrity’s endorsement helped to boost the brand’s popularity significantly.

該名人的背書成功地大幅提升了品牌的知名度。

同義詞： support, approval, recommendation

反義詞： criticism, opposition, condemnation 指責

9. She built a _____ career, fuelled by her expertise in a niche area of digital marketing that few others had explored.

(A) provisional

(B) lucrative

(D) sporadic

【解析】句意為「她建立了一個_______的職涯，這得益於她在數位行銷利基領域的專業知識，而該領域鮮有人探索。」語境顯示她在某個罕見領域擁有高度專業，因此獲得了很好的職業發展與收益，故正確答案為 (B) lucrative 有利可圖的；獲利的

a lucrative business（獲利的生意）

a lucrative career（高薪的職涯）

He left his steady job to pursue a more lucrative career in investment banking. 他離開穩定的工作，轉而追求投資銀行業中更有利可圖的職涯。

同義詞： profitable, well-paid, remunerative

反義詞： unprofitable, worthless, unrewarding

(A) provisional 臨時的；暫時的

a provisional agreement（臨時協議）

The committee made a provisional decision until further evidence could be gathered. 委員會在收集到更多證據前，先做出了一項臨時決定。

同義詞： temporary, interim, tentative

反義詞： permanent, lasting, final

a redundant worker（被裁員的員工）

The company made several departments redundant due to the new automation system. 由於新的自動化系統，公司裁撤了幾個多餘的部門。

同義詞： unnecessary, superfluous, jobless

反義詞： essential, necessary, vital

(D) sporadic 零星的；斷斷續續的

sporadic violence（零星的暴力事件）

The internet connection in the remote village is sporadic, making it difficult to work online. 這個偏遠村莊的網路連線斷斷續續，導致很難在線上工作。

同義詞： intermittent, occasional, irregular

反義詞： continuous, frequent, constant

10. Living abroad for several years had a/an _____ effect on his perception of cultural diversity, and it ultimately shaped the way he approached his professional life.

(A) profound

(B) negligible

(D) ambiguous

【解析】句意為「在國外生活了幾年對他看待文化多樣性的認知產生了_______影響，並最終塑造了他對待職業生涯的方式。」

語境顯示海外生活對個人的觀點與職涯發展有著極大且深刻的改變，因此應填入「深刻的、深遠的」，故正確答案為

(A) profound 深刻的；深遠的

a profound impact（深刻的影響）

a profound change（深遠的轉變）

The book had a profound effect on his way of thinking about the world.

這本書對他看待世界的方式產生了深刻的影響。

同義詞： deep, intense, significant

反義詞： superficial, shallow, slight

(B) negligible 可忽略的；微不足道的

negligible amount（微不足道的數量）

The difference in price between the two products is negligible.

這兩項產品之間的價格差異微不足道。

同義詞： insignificant, minor, trivial

反義詞： significant, substantial, major

a transient fashion（短暫的流行）

The beauty of the sunset was transient, lasting only a few minutes.

夕陽之美是短暫的，只持續了幾分鐘。

同義詞： fleeting, temporary, short-lived

反義詞： permanent, enduring, lasting

(D) ambiguous 含糊不清的；模稜兩可的

an ambiguous statement（含糊的聲明）

His reply to the question was intentionally ambiguous.

他對該問題的回答是有意地含糊其詞。

同義詞： vague, unclear, obscure

反義詞： clear, precise, definite

11. The report highlighted the _____ disparity between urban and rural access to quality healthcare, underscoring the urgent need for government intervention.

(A) subtle

(B) nominal

(D) obsolete

【解析】句意為「這份報告強調了城鄉在獲得優質醫療服務方面存在的_______差距，凸顯了政府介入的迫切需求。」

語境顯示城鄉醫療資源存在巨大的落差，政府需要介入處理，因此應填入「明顯的、嚴重的」，故正確答案為

a stark contrast（強烈的對比）

a stark reality（嚴酷的現實）

There is a stark difference in test scores between the two groups of students.

這兩組學生在考試成績上有著明顯的差距。

同義詞： distinct, sharp, evident

反義詞： subtle, slight, indistinct

(A) subtle 微妙的；難以察覺的

a subtle change（細微的變化）

There is a subtle difference between these two shades of blue.

這兩種藍色之間有細微的差別。

同義詞： delicate, fine, understated

反義詞： obvious, blatant, stark

(B) nominal 名義上的；微不足道的

a nominal fee（象徵性的費用）

He is the leader in name only, as his power is purely nominal.

他僅僅是名義上的領導者，因為他的權力純粹是掛名的。

同義詞： titular, insignificant, tiny

反義詞： substantial, real, significant

(D) obsolete 過時的；廢棄的

an obsolete technology（過時的技術）

Gas lamps became obsolete with the invention of the electric light bulb.

隨著電燈泡的發明，瓦斯燈變得過時了。

同義詞： outdated, archaic, outmoded

反義詞： current, modern, contemporary

12. The restorer’s _____ work, guided by decades of accumulated experience, ensured that the 18th-century painting was returned to its pristine condition.

(A) haphazard

(B) derivative

(D) meticulous

【解析】句意為「修復師_______的工作，在數十年累積的經驗引導下，確保了這幅 18 世紀的畫作恢復到原始的完好狀態。」

語境顯示修復工作需要極高的細心與專業，因此應填入「一絲不苟的、極度細心的」，故正確答案為

(D) meticulous 一絲不苟的；極度細心的

meticulous attention to detail（對細節的一絲不苟）

meticulous planning（縝密的計畫）

He was meticulous about keeping his records clean and organized.

他對於保持紀錄的整潔與條理非常細心。

同義詞： thorough, precise, careful

反義詞： careless, sloppy, negligent

(A) haphazard 隨意的；無計畫的

haphazard approach（隨意的做法）

The books were arranged in a haphazard pile on the floor.

這些書在地上堆成一團，顯得雜亂無章。

同義詞： random, disorganized, chaotic

反義詞： systematic, orderly, planned

(B) derivative 衍生的；缺乏創意的

a derivative work（衍生作品/抄襲之作）

Many modern films are seen as derivative of earlier classic movies.

許多現代電影被視為早期經典電影的衍生之作（缺乏原創性）。

同義詞： unoriginal, copied, imitative

反義詞： original, innovative, creative

a cursory glance（草率的一瞥）

Because he was late, he only did a cursory check of the report.

因為遲到了，他只對報告做了草率的檢查。

同義詞： superficial, hasty, perfunctory

反義詞： thorough, detailed, careful

Recent advances in analyzing MLB pitchers have revealed how important mechanical consistency and mental resilience are to performance. Researchers studying how pitchers inadvertently __13__ their pitches now use high-resolution video and computer vision to identify subtle physical tells that occur before release. These tiny movements—often __14__ to the naked eye—give hitters predictive cues that help them anticipate pitches more accurately. In response, teams have focused on training pitchers to standardize their mechanics and use “tunneling” techniques that make different pitches look identical as long as possible, preserving the __15__ crucial to the pitcher-batter matchup.

Meanwhile, research has expanded to examine how stress affects decision-making and motor control in high-pressure situations. Studies show that competitive stress triggers nervous system responses __16__ can impair fine motor skills and pitch selection. To address this, recent longitudinal studies have validated biofeedback and mindfulness training as effective tools for stabilizing heart rate variability and maintaining composure. Wearable sensors now allow teams to monitor stress markers in real time, giving coaches __17__ data to manage pitcher workload and mental fatigue. Together, these approaches demonstrate that elite pitching increasingly depends on integrating behavioral science with advanced analytics.

13.(A) announce(B) telegraph(C) publish(D) revamp

14.(A) invisible(B) unclear(C) absent(D) missing

15.(A) deception(B) mystery(C) confusion(D) secrecy

16.(A) whom(B) who(C) that(D) what

17.(A) estimated(B) subjective(C) hypothetical(D) objective

【解析】以下為針對題目 13 到 17 的解題分析：

13. 語意為「研究人員正在研究投球手如何不經意地_______他們的球路」。語境顯示投球手會透過細微動作讓打擊者提前猜出球路，因此應填入「洩漏、預示」，故正確答案為

(B) telegraph 洩漏（意圖或資訊）；預示

telegraph one’s punches（意圖洩漏/預示出拳方向）

The pitcher’s unusual windup tended to telegraph his curveball to experienced hitters.

這位投球手不尋常的揮臂動作往往會對有經驗的打擊者洩漏他要投曲球。

同義詞： reveal, signal, betray

反義詞： conceal, hide, mask

(A) announce 宣布

(D) revamp 改組；翻新

14. 語意為「這些細微的動作——通常對肉眼來說是_______——給了打擊者預測的線索」。語境顯示這些動作非常微小且難以察覺，故正確答案為

(A) invisible 看不見的

almost invisible（幾乎看不見的）

The damage to the equipment was invisible to the naked eye.

設備上的損壞是肉眼看不見的。

同義詞： imperceptible, unseen, undetectable

反義詞： visible, apparent, noticeable

(B) unclear 不清楚的

(D) missing 遺失的

15. 語意為「藉由讓不同球路在盡可能長的時間內看起來一模一樣，以維持投手與打擊者對決中至關重要的_______」。語境顯示投球的目的在於欺騙打擊者，故正確答案為

(A) deception 欺騙；騙局

the art of deception（欺騙的藝術）

The pitcher relies on deception to keep the batter from hitting the ball solidly.

這位投手依賴欺騙手段來防止打擊者扎實地擊中球。

同義詞： trickery, illusion, guile

反義詞： honesty, sincerity, frankness

(B) mystery 神祕

(D) secrecy 祕密

16. 此題為文法題，空格後的子句「can impair fine motor skills and pitch selection」缺少主詞，先行詞為「nervous system responses」（事物），因此應使用關代「that」，故正確答案為

Studies show that competitive stress triggers nervous system responses that can impair fine motor skills.

研究顯示，競爭壓力會觸發可能損害精細運動技能的神經系統反應。

17. 語意為「穿戴式感測器現在讓球隊能夠即時監測壓力指標，給教練_______數據來管理投手的負荷與心理疲勞」。語境顯示感測器提供的是實際、可量化的科學數據，與主觀感受相對，故正確答案為

(D) objective 客觀的

objective data（客觀數據）

We need objective data to make an informed decision about the player’s health.

我們需要客觀數據來針對球員的健康做出明智的決定。

同義詞： factual, impartial, unbiased

反義詞： subjective, biased, personal

(A) estimated 估計的

(B) subjective 主觀的

The tasting of coffee becomes a metaphysical inquiry into presence itself. When Italians encounter their espresso, they engage in what might be called the theology of the instant—a fierce devotion to the unrepeatable now. The dark elixir must be consumed while still trembling with heat, before its crema __18__ into memory. There is no meditation here, only incarnation: the body receives bitterness like a/an __19__ , and consciousness ignites. This is vitalism in its purest form—life seized at the throat, unexamined but utterly felt. The Italian does not ask what coffee means; he knows what it does.

The French, conversely, practice the phenomenology of delay. Their coffee cools as they contemplate it, temperature descending __20__ significance ascends. Each sip is an act of interpretation, the tongue a critic parsing notes of char and earth, the mind mapping territories between pleasure and pain. The café becomes a laboratory of consciousness where the self observes itself observing. In this measured alienation lies a peculiar __21__ —not with the coffee, but with the architecture of one’s own awareness. The Frenchman asks not what coffee does, but what it reveals.

One philosophy drinks to become; the other drinks to understand. Between these two gestures lies the __22__ distance between immediacy and reflection, between Dionysus and Apollo, between the fist that seizes and the hand that writes.

18.(A) dissolves(B) floats(C) evaporates(D) vanishes

19.(A) communion(B) offering(C) ritual(D) sacrament

20.(A) for(B) if(C) now(D) while

21.(A) fantasy(B) intimacy(C) conscience(D) distance

22.(A) spatial(B) mercurial(C) psychological(D) residual

【解析】這段關於咖啡哲學的文字非常優美，將義大利式的熱情與法國式的冷靜做了極致的對比。

第 18 題答案 (A) dissolves

(A) dissolves 溶解、消散；(B) floats 漂浮；(C) evaporates 蒸發；(D) vanishes 消失。

解析：此處描寫咖啡油脂 crema 隨時間化為記憶的過程。(A) dissolves 常用於描述物質溶入液體或逐漸消逝，在文學上最能體現「消融」的動態。相比之下，(B) 只是靜態描述，(C) 通常指水分汽化，(D) 雖通順但缺乏與液體相關的修辭感。

第 19 題答案 (D) sacrament

(A) communion 共融、聖體禮；(B) offering 祭品、奉獻物；(C) ritual 儀式；(D) sacrament 聖禮、聖餐。

解析：文中前文提到了神學與道成肉身。(D) sacrament 指的是一種「內在靈性恩典的外在物質體現」，與義大利人將咖啡苦味直接化為生命力的描述完美對應。(A) 側重參與的群體感，(B) 側重向上天的奉獻，(C) 則是泛指固定的程序，不如 (D) 具有神聖轉化的意涵。

第 20 題答案 (D) while

(A) for 因為；(B) if 如果；(C) now 現在；(D) while 當…之時、與此同時。

解析：這句描述兩個同時發生的相反現象：溫度下降與意義上升。(D) while 最能表達這種對比式的同步動作。其餘選項中，(A) 與 (B) 是邏輯因果或假設關聯詞，在此語法不通；(C) 是副詞，無法在此處連接兩個完整的子句。

第 21 題答案 (B) intimacy

(A) fantasy 幻想；(B) intimacy 親密、親近；(C) conscience 良知、道德感；(D) distance 距離。

解析：這是一個哲學上的翻轉。法國人雖然與咖啡保持疏離，但這份疏離反而讓他們與「自己的意識結構」產生了深刻的 (B) intimacy 親密感。選項 (A) 與 (C) 與主題無關，而 (D) 則會造成語意重複，因為前文已經提到了疏離與異化。

第 22 題答案 (C) psychological

(A) spatial 空間的；(B) mercurial 易變的、水銀般的；(C) psychological 心理上的、心智上的；(D) residual 殘餘的。

解析：文章最後總結了「即時行動」與「事後反思」之間的差距。這種差距並非物理上的 (A)，也不是情緒多變的 (B)，而是屬於人類認知與靈魂運作層面的 (C) psychological 心理距離。(D) 殘餘的則完全不符合兩套哲學體系對立的語境。

Greta Thunberg’s 2019 UN speech is famous for her emotional cry: “How dare you!” Instead of using technical data, she accused world leaders of stealing her future with “empty words.” By calling the climate crisis a betrayal of the young by the powerful, she moved away from polite diplomacy and issued a moral challenge.

To show her commitment, she practices “radical consistency.” For example, she spent two weeks crossing the Atlantic in a zero-emissions yacht to avoid the high carbon footprint of flying. This made her a global icon, but also a target for critics.

Her rise has divided public opinion. Supporters praise the “Greta Effect,” crediting her for moving climate change from boring scientific journals into the center of public debate. However, critics argue her message is too simple. They claim she ignores the difficult economic choices needed to change global energy systems. Some even use personal attacks against her, reflecting a deep societal discomfort with the changes her message requires.

23. According to the text, what was the main purpose of the “How dare you!” phrase?

(A) To correct scientific mistakes in climate reports.

(B) To use anger to show that climate change is unfair to younger generations.

(D) To complain about her personal school grades.

24. Why did Thunberg choose to travel by yacht instead of by plane?

(A) To gain more followers on social media.

(B) To show she hates all modern inventions.

(D) To protest against the safety of modern airplanes.

25. Why do some critics call her message “too simple”?

(A) They believe she is using old science that is no longer true.

(B) They think climate policy involves economic problems that emotions cannot fix.

(D) They think she is secretly working for a large corporation.

26. What is the “Greta Effect” mentioned in the text?

(A) It stopped all global use of oil and gas immediately.

(B) It made all students around the world quit school.

(D) It provided the world with new technology to stop pollution.

27. Why does the text say some people react with hostility toward her?

(A) Because they do not like Swedish culture.

(B) Because they feel threatened by the changes her message demands.

(D) Because her speeches are too difficult for most people to understand.

【解析】這篇閱讀測驗探討了氣候行動家葛瑞塔·童貝里（Greta Thunberg）的影響力與爭議。

23. According to the text, what was the main purpose of the “How dare you!” phrase?

(B) To use anger to show that climate change is unfair to younger generations.

第一段提到她指責世界領導人偷走了她的未來，並稱氣候危機是「有權勢者對年輕人的背叛」（betrayal of the young by the powerful）。這句話體現了年輕一代面對不公義時的憤怒。

24. Why did Thunberg choose to travel by yacht instead of by plane?

答案：(C) To make sure her personal actions match her environmental message.

第二段提到她實踐「極致的一致性」（radical consistency），為了避免搭飛機產生的高碳足跡，寧願花兩週搭乘零排放遊艇，目的是讓個人行動與其主張的環保觀念一致。

25. Why do some critics call her message “too simple”?

答案：(B) They think climate policy involves economic problems that emotions cannot fix.

第三段指出，批評者認為她忽視了改變全球能源系統背後「困難的經濟選擇」（difficult economic choices），意指氣候問題涉及複雜經濟層面，並非單靠情感控訴就能解決。

26. What is the “Greta Effect” mentioned in the text?

答案：(C) It turned climate change into a major topic for everyone, not just scientists.

文中提到支持者讚揚「葛瑞塔效應」將氣候變遷議題從「枯燥的科學期刊」移到了「大眾辯論的中心」，讓這項議題普及化。

27. Why does the text say some people react with hostility toward her?

答案：(B) Because they feel threatened by the changes her message demands.

文章最後一句提到，人們對她的敵意反映出社會對於她的訴求所要求的「變革」感到深深刻的不安（deep societal discomfort with the changes）。

重點單字整理

• Betrayal: 背叛

• Radical consistency: 極致的一致性（言行高度合一）

• Carbon footprint: 碳足跡

• Divided public opinion: 輿論分歧

• Hostility: 敵意、敵對狀態

The study of strategic failures in historical military campaigns offers significant insights into organizational decision-making. Two naval defeats, separated by more than thirteen centuries, present a compelling case for examination: the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and Cao Cao’s loss at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 CE. Despite occurring in vastly different temporal and cultural contexts, both campaigns reveal systematic decision-making failures that remain strikingly relevant to contemporary organizational theory.

The Spanish Armada campaign, launched by Philip II of Spain to conquer England, represented the largest naval operation of its era. Yet the fleet’s overwhelming numerical superiority proved insufficient when confronted with organizational rigidity, intelligence failures, and inadequate risk assessment. Spanish commanders, accustomed to Mediterranean warfare, systematically underestimated both English naval capabilities and the environmental challenges posed by the English Channel. The fleet maintained a rigid defensive formation optimized for control rather than tactical flexibility, leaving it vulnerable when English commanders deployed an improvised fireship attack at Gravelines.

A similar pattern of overconfidence and strategic miscalculation characterized Cao Cao’s Red Cliffs campaign. Having unified northern China through military victories, Cao Cao moved to conquer southern territories controlled by rival warlords. His recent successes bred a confidence that proved difficult to reconcile with the unfamiliar challenges of naval warfare on the Yangtze River. When his northern troops suffered from seasickness, Cao Cao ordered ships chained together to create stable platforms—a solution that addressed the immediate operational problem but inadvertently created a catastrophic vulnerability to fire attacks.

What makes these two campaigns particularly valuable for analysis is the role that cognitive biases played in shaping both commanders’ decisions. Behavioral economics has identified systematic distortions in human judgment, including overconfidence bias, confirmation bias, and the availability heuristic. Both Cao Cao and the Duke of Medina Sidonia—the Spanish Armada’s commander—exhibited these biases in ways that directly contributed to their defeats. Overconfidence led both to underestimate their adversaries. Confirmation bias caused both to dismiss intelligence that contradicted their strategic assumptions. The availability heuristic made successful past experiences psychologically more salient than unfamiliar risks.

Perhaps most instructive is the common failure of risk imagination in both campaigns. Fire attacks against wooden ships represented a known threat in both European and Chinese naval warfare traditions. Neither commander faced a truly novel tactical innovation. Yet both forces proved catastrophically vulnerable to fire because organizational decisions had created conditions that made such attacks devastating. The Spanish formation and Cao Cao’s chained ships each created perfect conditions for fire attack success. These vulnerabilities resulted not from ignorance of fire as a weapon but from organizational and cognitive factors that prevented adequate risk assessment.

The comparison also illuminates the critical role of information asymmetry. In both campaigns, the defending forces possessed superior local knowledge of environmental conditions. English commanders understood Channel tides and currents with a precision that Spanish sailors could not match. Similarly, Zhou Yu—the commander of the allied forces at Red Cliffs—exploited detailed knowledge of Yangtze River weather patterns, waiting for an unusual winter southeast wind before launching his fire attack. Both sets of defenders leveraged their environmental understanding to achieve victory, demonstrating that local knowledge can function as a decisive strategic asset.

The convergence of decision-making pathologies across these two campaigns, despite their separation by thirteen centuries and thousands of miles, suggests that certain patterns of strategic failure reflect fundamental constraints on human cognition and organizational design rather than historically contingent factors. Understanding these patterns—and developing organizational practices to counteract them—remains central to the field of strategic management.

28. According to the passage, what was one reason the Spanish Armada maintained a rigid defensive formation?

(A) The formation was optimized for control rather than tactical flexibility.

(B) Philip II personally ordered the formation before the fleet departed from Spain.

(D) Spanish naval tradition required all fleets to maintain crescent formations in European waters.

29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a factor that contributed to the defeats of both the Spanish Armada and Cao Cao’s forces?

(A) Overconfidence bias among the commanders.

(B) A shortage of experienced sailors within both fleets.

(D) Organizational decisions that created vulnerability to fire attacks.

30. In the context of the passage, what does the word “salient” most closely mean in the following sentence?

“The availability heuristic made successful past experiences psychologically more salient than unfamiliar risks.”

(A) threatening

(B) irrelevant

(D) beneficial

31. In the following sentence from Paragraph 4, what does “these biases” most likely refer to? “Both Cao Cao and the Duke of Medina Sidonia—the Spanish Armada’s commander—exhibited these biases in ways that directly contributed to their defeats.”

(A) The intelligence failures documented in both campaigns.

(B) The organizational rigidities present in both naval forces.

(D) Overconfidence bias, confirmation bias, and the availability heuristic.

32. Why does the author state that fire attacks “represented a known threat in both European and Chinese naval warfare traditions”?

(A) To argue that historical records of the effectiveness of fire attacks are unreliable.

(B) To suggest that both commanders were deliberately negligent in their command duties.

(D) To emphasize that the defeats were caused by organizational factors, not by ignorance of fire as a weapon.

33. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can most reasonably be inferred about Zhou Yu’s decision to wait for a specific wind pattern before launching his attack?

(A) Zhou Yu possessed a superior understanding of local environmental conditions that Cao Cao’s forces lacked.

(B) Zhou Yu was uncertain whether fire attacks could be effective against Cao Cao’s chained ships.

(D) Zhou Yu preferred to avoid direct naval confrontation with Cao Cao’s larger fleet entirely.

34. According to the passage, what was the immediate problem that Cao Cao’s decision to chain ships together was intended to solve?

(A) The allied forces had been attacking isolated ships individually.

(B) The Yangtze River’s strong currents were causing ships to drift apart.

(D) Cao Cao needed to create a floating platform to transfer troops to shore.

35. What is the primary function of Paragraph 5 in the passage’s overall argument?

(A) It contrasts the tactical approaches used by the Spanish and Chinese navies.

(B) It provides technical details about how fire attacks were physically carried out.

(D) It demonstrates that organizational and cognitive factors, rather than ignorance, caused both forces’ vulnerability to fire attacks.

36. Read the following sentence. Where would it best fit in the passage? “This pattern of narrow problem-framing—addressing an immediate challenge while inadvertently creating a more serious vulnerability—exemplifies a broader organizational tendency present in both campaigns.” The above sentence would most logically be added at the position marked by

(A) Spanish commanders, accustomed to Mediterranean warfare, systematically underestimated both English naval capabilities and the environmental challenges posed by the English Channel.

(B) …a solution that addressed the immediate operational problem but inadvertently created a catastrophic vulnerability to fire attacks.

(D) Fire attacks against wooden ships represented a known threat in both European and Chinese naval warfare traditions.

【解析】這是一篇關於軍事歷史與組織管理理論（Organizational Theory）的深度閱讀測驗。文章將 1588 年的「西班牙無敵艦隊（Spanish Armada）」與公元 208 年的「赤壁之戰（Red Cliffs）」進行對比，分析領導者如何因為認知偏誤與組織僵化而導致失敗。

28. 根據本文，無敵艦隊維持僵化防禦陣型的原因之一是什麼？A

文章第二段提到：「The fleet maintained a rigid defensive formation optimized for control rather than tactical flexibility…」（該艦隊維持僵化的防禦陣型，是為了控制的優化，而非戰術靈活性）。

29. 下列何者「沒有」在文中被提到是導致兩者失敗的因素？

(A) 過度自信偏誤（Overconfidence）：第四段有提到。

(D) 造成火攻脆弱性的組織決策：第五段明確指出。

(B) 缺乏經驗豐富的水手：文中完全沒有提到雙方士兵經驗不足，僅提到曹操的士兵因為是北方人而暈船（seasickness）。

30. 在文中，「salient」一詞最接近的意思是什麼？

原文為：「The availability heuristic made successful past experiences psychologically more salient than unfamiliar risks.」（可得性捷思法使得過去成功的經驗在心理上比陌生的風險更為顯著/突出）。(C) Prominent（顯著的、突出的）是最接近的近義詞。

31. 第四段中的「these biases」（這些偏誤）最可能指代什麼？

在該句之前，文中明確列舉了三種偏誤：「…including overconfidence bias, confirmation bias, and the availability heuristic.」（包括過度自信偏誤、確認偏誤與可得性捷思法）。

32. 為什麼作者要說火攻在歐洲與中國海戰傳統中是「已知的威脅」？

文章第五段指出：「These vulnerabilities resulted not from ignorance of fire as a weapon but from organizational and cognitive factors…」（這些脆弱性並非源於對火攻武器的無知，而是源於阻礙風險評估的組織與認知因素）。作者強調失敗不是因為「不知道火攻」，而是因為組織決策錯誤。

33. 根據本文，關於周瑜等待特定風向才發動攻擊，可以推論出什麼？

第六段提到防禦方擁有優勢的「在地知識（local knowledge）」，周瑜利用對長江氣候的精確了解（exploited detailed knowledge of Yangtze River weather patterns），這顯示他擁有曹操軍隊所缺乏的環境理解。

34. 根據本文，曹操將船鎖在一起原本是為了直接解決什麼問題？

第三段明確記載：「When his northern troops suffered from seasickness, Cao Cao ordered ships chained together…」（當他的北方部隊遭受暈船之苦時，曹操下令將船隻鎖在一起……）。

35. 第五段在文章整體論點中的主要功能是什麼？

該段重點在於說明：火攻並非新型戰術，兩位指揮官失敗的原因在於「缺乏風險想像力（failure of risk imagination）」，即組織決策導致了致命的脆弱性，而非因為他們是無知的。

36. 這句話最適合放在文章的哪個位置？「這種狹隘的問題框架模式——解決眼前的挑戰卻無意中創造了更嚴重的脆弱性——體現了兩場戰役中普遍存在的組織傾向。」(B)

這句話是用來總結「解決小問題卻引發大災難」的邏輯。

(B) 緊接在曹操為了緩解暈船（解決即時問題）而鎖船，卻導致火攻脆弱性（創造嚴重脆弱性）的描述之後，邏輯最為通順。

重點詞彙整理

1. Strategic failure: 戰略失敗

2. Organizational rigidity: 組織僵化

3. Cognitive biases: 認知偏誤

4. Overconfidence bias: 過度自信偏誤

5. Confirmation bias: 確認偏誤（只看自己想看的資訊）

6. Availability heuristic: 可得性捷思法（傾向利用容易想到的資訊做判斷）

7. Information asymmetry: 資訊不對稱

8. Inadvertently: 不經意地、無意中地

37. Had the regulatory framework _____ in a more timely manner, the ensuing crisis might have been averted.

(A) implemented

(B) been implemented

(D) having implemented

【解析】這是一題關於虛擬語氣（Subjunctive Mood）與倒裝句型的文法題。以下為您詳細解析選項意思與解題關鍵。

這句話是一個省略 If 的虛擬語氣倒裝句。原句完整結構為：

If the regulatory framework had been implemented in a more timely manner…

如果監管框架當時能更及時地被實施……

38. The panel recommended that the proposal _____ revised prior to ratification.

(A) is(B) be(C) was(D) being

【解析】

這句話的關鍵在於動詞 recommended（建議）。在英文文法中，當表示「建議、要求、命令、堅持」等意志動詞出現時，後方連接的子句（that-clause）必須使用虛擬語氣。

當主句動詞為 recommend（建議）、suggest（提議）、insist（堅持）、demand（要求）、order（命令）時，that 子句中的動詞必須使用「(should) + 動詞原形」。在美式英語中，should 通常會省略，直接使用動詞原形。

這句話完整結構應為：

The panel recommended that the proposal (should) be revised…

委員會建議該提案在批准前「應被」修改。

39. It is imperative that every precautionary measure _____ to safeguard long-term sustainability.

(A) is taken

(B) be taken

(D) being taken

【解析】當主句出現像是 imperative（必要的）、essential（必要的）、necessary（必須的）、urgent（緊急的）、important（重要的）等形容詞時，that 子句中的動詞必須使用「(should) + 動詞原形」。即便主句是現在式 is，子句仍須維持原形。

It is imperative that every precautionary measure (should) be taken…

採取每一項預防措施以維護長期永續性是至關重要的。

40. The proposal, _____ in last week’s plenary session, has since undergone substantial revision.

(A) having scrutinized

(B) which scrutinizing

(D) having been scrutinized

【解析】

這句話的主句是「The proposal has since undergone substantial revision（該提案自那時起經歷了大幅修改）」，空格處是插入的修飾語，用來描述該提案在「上週全體會議」中的狀態。

主詞是 the proposal（提案）。提案不會自己審查，而是「被審查（scrutinized）」。因此，選項必須具備被動語態。選項 (A) 是主動式，(B) 語法錯誤，(C) 多了受詞 it 且結構不具備修飾功能。

解題關鍵 2：時間的先後順序

句中提到審查是發生在「last week（上週）」，而修改是「since（自那時起）」。為了強調「審查」發生在「修改」之前，使用完成分詞（Having + p.p.）最為精準。結合被動語態後，就形成了 (D) having been scrutinized（已經被審查過了）。

解題關鍵 3：省略結構

此處也可以看作是關係代名詞子句的簡化。

原句：The proposal, which had been scrutinized in last week’s plenary session, has since…

簡化後：The proposal, having been scrutinized…（或直接用過去分詞 Scrutinized…）。

41. Seldom _____ such an unprecedented convergence of technological innovation and societal transformation.

(A) has there been

(B) there has been

(D) had there been

【解析】這題的正確答案是 (A) has there been。

這是一個非常經典的英文文法考點：否定副詞置於句首的倒裝句 (Inversion)。

1. 文法關鍵：倒裝句 (Inversion)

當句子的開頭是具有「否定」或「半否定」意義的副詞（如：Seldom, Never, Hardly, Rarely, Scarcely）時，為了達到強調的效果，後面的主詞與動詞必須倒裝（改成疑問句的語序）。

• 正常語序： There has seldom been such a convergence…

• 倒裝語序： Seldom has there been such a convergence…

3. 句意翻譯

Seldom has there been such an unprecedented convergence of technological innovation and societal transformation.

「很少見到技術創新與社會轉型如此史無前例地交匯在一起。」

否定副詞 (Seldom/Never) + 助動詞 (do/does/did/have/has) + 主詞 + 動詞…

Questions 42-45: Choose the best option from ( A ) to ( D ). Each option can be used once only.

America’s Prohibition was born of idealism. In 1920, moral reformers enshrined a nationwide ban on alcohol in the Constitution. People still wanted to drink. They turned to speakeasies. Supplying those hidden bars was a rapidly rising criminal empire—the Mafia. Al Capone’s annual earnings in Chicago were __42__ at the equivalent of billions in today’s dollars.

One __43__ by greed, one by principle. Both made the same mistake: believing that a ban could extinguish demand.

Demands never disappear. They simply move. And wherever a shadow market takes root, corruption follows—not as a moral accident, but as structural necessity. Qing salt officials took bribes systematically; American police and judges were __44__ wholesale.

The endings are equally sobering. The salt gangs helped erode the foundations of a dynasty. Prohibition was __45__ in 1933, but the Mafia it created lived on, embedding itself deep within legitimate society.

A ban can close a door. It cannot close the window of human need. Behind every salt gang and every crime family stands the policy that made them possible.

42.(A) driven(B) bought(C) repealed(D) estimated

【解析】

46. Ms. Chen provides students with a map and a set of clues. Students must work in pairs to find a specific “treasure” location by communicating in English to solve the puzzle. Which approach is Ms. Chen utilizing?

(A) The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)

(B) Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)

(D) Total Physical Response (TPR)

【解析】The correct answer is (B) Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT).

這題的情境是學生透過「完成任務」（尋寶）來學習語言，這正是 TBLT 的核心精神。以下是各個選項的詳細解釋：

(B) Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) / 任務導向教學法

• 核心概念：學習者必須使用目標語言（英語）來完成一個具體的、有意義的任務。

• 本題應用：學生需要透過溝通、解謎和操作地圖來達成目標（找到寶藏）。重點在於意義的表達與任務的完成，而非單純重複句型。

其他選項為何不符？

(A) Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) / 聽說教學法

強調反覆操練 (Drills) 和習慣養成。如果 Ms. Chen 只是要學生不停地重複唸出地圖上的單字，那才是 ALM。

這是一種非常傳統的方法，重點在於閱讀、寫作、文法規則的背誦，以及將課文翻譯成母語。這與互動式的尋寶活動完全相反。

(D) Total Physical Response (TPR) / 全肢體反應教學法

核心在於「老師給指令，學生做動作」（例如：老師說 “Stand up,” 學生站起來）。雖然尋寶涉及移動，但這題強調的是學生之間的溝通與協作解謎，而不僅僅是聽從指令做動作。

47. In a PE class taught in English, Mr. Lee uses the 4Cs framework (Content, Communication, Cognition, Culture) to teach the rules of basketball while developing students’ sports-related vocabulary. This instructional model is known as:

(A) Grammar-Based Teaching

(B) Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)

(D) Differentiated Instruction

【解析】

(B) Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) / 內容與語言整合學習

這是目前雙語教學（Bilingual Education）最常採用的框架。其核心特徵完全符合題目描述：

學科與語言並重：同時學習「學科知識」（籃球規則）與「語言能力」（運動相關字彙）。

4Cs 框架：這是由學者 Coyle 提出的 CLIL 核心架構：

1. Content (內容)：學科知識（如：體育、科學、藝術）。

2. Communication (溝通)：使用語言來學習與交流。

3. Cognition (認知)：思考過程與問題解決。

4. Culture (文化)：了解學科背後的文化背景或全球視野。

(A) Grammar-Based Teaching / 文法導向教學

重點在於結構、時態和句型分析。在體育課教籃球規則顯然不是為了分析文法。

由 Caleb Gattegno 開發，強調「老師儘量不說話」，讓學生透過觀察、教具（如彩色木棒 Cuisenaire rods）與自我發現來學習。這與體育老師主導的規則講解不符。

(D) Differentiated Instruction / 差異化教學

這是一種教學策略，指的是根據學生不同的學習程度、興趣或學習風格，調整教學內容或方式（例如：程度好的學進階戰術，初學者練習運球）。雖然體育課常會用到，但它並不是指 4Cs 框架。

48. A teacher provides “i + 1” input—language that is just slightly beyond the students’ current level of competence—to ensure they are challenged but not overwhelmed. This aligns with which of Krashen’s hypotheses?

(A) The Affective Filter Hypothesis

(B) The Natural Order Hypothesis

(D) The Monitor Hypothesis

【解析】(C) The Input Hypothesis / 輸入假說

核心概念： Krashen 認為，語言習得的發生是因為學習者理解了「可理解的輸入」(Comprehensible Input)。

公式表示：題目中提到的 $i + 1$：

代表學習者目前的語言能力水準（Current competence）。

代表略高於現有水準的挑戰。

教學應用：老師提供的教材不能太簡單（學生會無聊），也不能太難（學生會挫折），必須維持在「跳一下就能搆到」的難度。

(A) The Affective Filter Hypothesis / 情感過濾假說

關注學習者的心理狀態。如果學生感到焦慮、沒自信或動機低落，心裡就像有一道「牆」（過濾器），會阻礙語言輸入，即便輸入再好也學不進去。

(B) The Natural Order Hypothesis / 自然順序假說

認為人類習得語言語法結構是有固定順序的（例如：通常先學會現在進行式 -ing，才學會第三人稱單數加 -s），這個順序不因教學順序而改變。

(D) The Monitor Hypothesis / 監檢假說

解釋「習得」與「學習」的關係。我們學到的文法規則就像一個「監控器」，在我們說話或寫作時負責檢查、糾正錯誤，但它通常只在有充足時間思考時才起作用。

49. During a lesson, a teacher uses “Exit Slips” to check student understanding. She uses this data to modify her teaching plan for the next day. This is an example of:

(A) Summative Assessment

(B) Placement Assessment

(D) Diagnostic Assessment

【解析】=

核心概念：發生在教學過程中，目的是為了即時了解學生的學習狀況，並作為老師調整教學（Modify teaching）的依據。

本題應用：「Exit Slips」（出門票卡）是形成性評量非常經典的工具。老師在下課前收回小卡，確認學生是否聽懂今天的重點，並根據回饋決定明天要複習還是繼續進度。這是一種「為了促進學習而進行的評量」（Assessment for learning）。

(A) Summative Assessment / 總結性評量

發生在教學結束後（如期末考、畢業考）。目的是為了打分數、排名或確認學生是否達到課程目標。它通常是「對學習結果的評量」（Assessment of learning），通常不會用來調整當下的教學計畫。

(B) Placement Assessment / 安置性評量

發生在教學開始前。目的是為了將學生「放進」適合的班級或程度（例如：英文分班測驗）。

(D) Diagnostic Assessment / 診斷性評量

雖然也在教學中或開始前進行，但它更專注於找出學生的學習困難或錯誤障礙（例如：診斷學生為什麼老是分不清 $b$ 和 $d$）。它的性質像醫生看診，找出問題根源。

50. A teacher follows a sequence of “I Do (Modeling), We Do (Guided Practice), You Do (Independent Practice)” to help students master a new sentence pattern. This technique is primarily referred to as:

(A) Scaffolding

(B) Rote Learning

(D) Peer Correction

【解析】

(A) Scaffolding / 鷹架建築

核心概念：源自維高斯基（Vygotsky）的近側發展區（ZPD）理論。意指在學生學習新技能時，教師提供暫時性的支持，並隨著學生能力的增加，逐漸減少支持（即「拆除鷹架」），最終達到獨立自主。

本題應用： “I Do, We Do, You Do” 是鷹架理論中最著名的漸進式釋放責任 (Gradual Release of Responsibility) 模型：

1. I Do (Modeling): 老師示範，給予最強的支撐。

2. We Do (Guided Practice): 老師與學生一起練習，支持減半。

3. You Do (Independent Practice): 學生獨立操作，支撐撤離。

(B) Rote Learning / 死記硬背

指的是不理解意義，單純透過機械式的重複背誦來記憶資訊。這與題目中強調「引導」與「練習」的教學序列不同。

這是一種「由下而上」的方法。老師先給很多範例，讓學生自己觀察並歸納出規則。而題目中的 “I Do”（老師示範）通常屬於演繹法（Deductive）或直接教學，與讓學生自行發現的精神相反。

(D) Peer Correction / 同儕糾錯

指的是學生互相批改作業或修正彼此的口說錯誤。雖然可能發生在 “We Do” 階段，但它只是一個單一動作，無法涵蓋整個教學序列的名稱。

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