115國立臺南一中教甄英文試題詳解

1.Many real estate brokers render free service regarding customers’ property ______.

(A) tributaries

(B) appraisals

(D) rancours

【解析】

「許多房地產經紀人提供關於客戶財產估價的免費服務。」

句中的關鍵詞是 “real estate brokers”（房地產經紀人）以及 “property”（財產、房地產）。在房地產交易中，經紀人最常提供的專業服務就是評估房產的價值，因此空格處應填入「估價、評價」。

(A) tributaries 支流；進貢者

a tributary of the River (某河的支流)tributary states (附庸國/進貢國)

The Han River is one of the main tributaries of the Yangtze River.

（漢江是長江的主要支流之一。）

同義詞： branch, feeder反義詞： main stream (主流), trunk (主幹)

(B) appraisals 估價；評價（正確答案）

property appraisal (房產估價)performance appraisal (績效考核)

They are waiting for the final appraisals of their house before putting it on the market.

（在將房屋上市銷售前，他們正在等待最後的房產估價。）

同義詞： assessment, evaluation, estimation

反義詞： neglect (忽略), devaluation (貶值)

deliver a eulogy (發表悼詞)a glowing eulogy (由衷的讚美)

He delivered a moving eulogy at his best friend’s funeral.

（他在好友的葬禮上發表了一段動人的悼詞。）

同義詞： tribute, panegyric, praise

反義詞： criticism, condemnation, insult

(D) rancours 怨恨；深仇

without rancour (毫無怨恨地)settle old rancours (化解舊怨)

They separated without rancour and remained good friends.

他們心平氣和地分手了，並且依然是好朋友。）

同義詞： bitterness, resentment, animosity

反義詞： benevolence, kindness, harmony

2.Although the instructor had already told everybody to keep quiet, whispers were still ______ spotted among the students.

(A) nocturnally

(B) valiantly

(D) sporadically

【解析】句意為「雖然講師已經要求大家保持安靜，學生之間仍_______傳出低語聲。」語境顯示低語聲是零星、偶爾發生的，因此應填入「偶爾地、零星地」，故正確答案為 (D) sporadically。

(A) nocturnally 在夜間地；夜行性地。

behave nocturnally（在夜間活動）。

Owls are known to hunt nocturnally.（貓頭鷹以在夜間狩獵聞名。）

同義詞：nightly。反義詞：diurnally。

(B) valiantly 勇敢地；英勇地。fight valiantly（英勇作戰）。

The soldiers valiantly defended the city against the invaders.

（士兵們英勇地保衛城市抵抗入侵者。）

同義詞：bravely, courageously。反義詞：cowardly, fearfully。

drink copiously（豪飲）、weep copiously（大哭）。

He took notes copiously during the three-hour lecture.

（在三小時的講座中，他大量地做了筆記。）

同義詞：abundantly, plentifully。反義詞：scarcely, meagerly。

(D) sporadically 偶爾地；零星地

occur sporadically（零星發生）。

Fighting continued sporadically throughout the night.

（整晚仍零星發生戰鬥。）

同義詞：occasionally, intermittently。反義詞：continuously, constantly。

3.Medical researchers indicate that due to some genetic effects, certain feature of parents’ constitution will ______ some particular influences in the physical or even mental situation of their children.

(A) disseminate

(B) rendezvous

(D) precipitate

【解析】句意為「醫學研究人員指出，由於某些遺傳影響，父母體質的某些特徵會對子女的身體甚至心理狀況_______某些特定的影響。」語境顯示遺傳特徵會「促成」或「加速」影響的產生，因此應填入「促成、使發生」，故正確答案為 (D) precipitate。

(A) disseminate 散佈；傳播。

disseminate information（傳播資訊）。

The Internet allows us to disseminate knowledge more quickly than ever before.（網路讓我們能比以往更快速地傳播知識。）

同義詞：spread, circulate。反義詞：collect, gather。

(B) rendezvous 會合；約會。

rendezvous with someone（與某人會合）。

The two spacecraft are scheduled to rendezvous in orbit tomorrow.（這兩艘太空船預計明天在軌道上會合。）

同義詞：meet, assemble。反義詞：disperse, separate。

jettison fuel（拋棄燃料）

The captain decided to jettison some cargo to lighten the ship during the storm.（船長決定在暴風雨中拋棄部分貨物以減輕船重。）

同義詞：discard, dump。反義詞：retain, keep。

(D) precipitate 促成；使發生

precipitate a crisis（引發危機）。

The sudden decline in stock prices could precipitate an economic depression.（股價突然下跌可能會促成經濟蕭條。）

同義詞：trigger, accelerate。反義詞：hinder, delay。

4.Despite lacking formal training, the young mathematician solved problems that baffled experienced researchers. Many professors soon regarded him as a(an) ______.

(A) savant

(B) dilettante

(D) mediator

【解析】句意為「儘管缺乏正式訓練，這位年輕的數學家解決了讓經驗豐富的研究員感到困惑的問題。許多教授很快將他視為一名_______。」語境顯示他雖然年輕且未受正式教育，卻擁有極高的才華或專業能力，因此應填入「學者、專家、博學之士」，故正確答案為 (A) savant。

(A) savant 學者；博學之士（正確答案）。

an idiot savant（學者症候群患者/在某方面有天賦的智力障礙者）。

He is a computer savant who began coding at the age of five.（他是一位電腦專家，五歲就開始編寫程式。）

同義詞：scholar, sage。反義詞：ignoramus, amateur。

(B) dilettante 淺薄的涉獵者；業餘愛好者。

a musical dilettante（音樂愛好者/非專業人士）。

He is just a dilettante who dabbles in painting but has no real skill.（他只是一個淺薄的涉獵者，對繪畫略懂皮毛但沒有真正的技巧。）

同義詞：amateur, dabbler。反義詞：professional, expert。

serve an apprenticeship（當學徒）。

The young carpenter started as an apprentice to a master craftsman.（這位年輕的木匠最初是跟隨一位大師級工匠當學徒。）

同義詞：trainee, learner。反義詞：master, mentor。

(D) mediator 調解者；仲裁者。

act as a mediator（擔任調解人）。

The government official served as a mediator between the union and the management.（政府官員擔任工會與資方之間的調解者。）

同義詞：arbitrator, negotiator。反義詞：instigator, provoker。

5.The professor objected to the grading policy because the criteria seemed entirely ______; students with similar work often received dramatically different scores without explanation.

(A) arbitrary

(B) conspicuous

(D) idiosyncratic

【解析】句意為「教授反對這項評分政策，因為標準似乎完全是_______；表現相似的學生常在沒有解釋的情況下得到截然不同的分數。」語境顯示評分缺乏客觀準則，僅憑主觀意願決定，因此應填入「任意的、武斷的」，故正確答案為 (A) arbitrary。

(A) arbitrary 任意的；武斷的（正確答案）。

an arbitrary decision（武斷的決定）。

The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.

（校隊球員的選擇似乎完全是隨機武斷的。）

同義詞：random, subjective。反義詞：objective, rational。

(B) conspicuous 顯眼的；引人注目的。

conspicuous consumption（炫耀性消費）。

The bird has a conspicuous red patch on its wings.

（這隻鳥的翅膀上有塊明顯的紅斑。）

同義詞：noticeable, prominent。反義詞：inconspicuous, hidden。

an equivocal answer（含糊其辭的回答）。

His words were so equivocal that we didn’t know what he actually meant.（他的話語如此模棱兩可，以至於我們不知道他到底是什麼意思。）

同義詞：ambiguous, vague。反義詞：unequivocal, clear。

(D) idiosyncratic 獨特的；有怪癖的。

idiosyncratic style（獨特的風格）。

The collector has an idiosyncratic taste in contemporary art.

（這位收藏家對當代藝術有著獨特的品味。

同義詞：peculiar, distinctive。反義詞：common, conventional。

6.After months of fruitless job applications and repeated rejection letters, he felt increasingly ______, convinced that no opportunity would appear.

(A) jubilant

(B) forlorn

(D) buoyant

【解析】句意為「在經歷了數月徒勞無功的求職申請和接二連三的拒絕信後，他感到愈發_______，深信不會再有任何機會出現。」語境顯示他因失敗而感到孤苦無助且絕望，因此應填入「淒涼的、絕望的」，故正確答案為 (B) forlorn。

(A) jubilant 欣喜若狂的；歡慶的。

be in a jubilant mood（心情歡欣鼓舞）。

The fans were jubilant after their team won the championship.

（球隊奪冠後，球迷們欣喜若狂。）

同義詞：exultant, joyful。反義詞：depressed, sorrowful。

(B) forlorn 淒涼的；絕望的；被遺棄的

常用短句：a forlorn hope（虛無縹緲的希望）。

She looked so forlorn standing all alone in the rain.

（她獨自站在雨中，看起來如此淒涼無助。）

同義詞：miserable, hopeless。反義詞：cheerful, hopeful。

a pompous official（自命不凡的官員）。

He made a pompous speech that bored everyone in the audience.

（他發表了一場浮誇的演講，令全場聽眾感到厭煩。）

同義詞：arrogant, pretentious。反義詞：humble, modest。

(D) buoyant 有浮力的；心情愉快的。

in a buoyant mood（心情輕鬆愉快）。

The warm sunny weather put her in a buoyant mood.

（溫暖晴朗的天氣讓她的心情變得愉悅。）

同義詞：cheerful, upbeat。反義詞：gloomy, heavy-hearted。

7.Because the new supervisor encouraged open discussion and maintained a relaxed leadership style, the workplace quickly became far more ______ than it had been under the previous, authoritarian manager.

(A) contentious

(B) austere

(D) adversarial

【解析】句意為「因為新任主管鼓勵公開討論並維持輕鬆的領導風格，職場很快變得比之前在獨裁經理領導下更加_______。」語境顯示職場氛圍變得友善且令人愉悅，因此應填入「意氣相投的、友好的、宜人的」，故正確答案為 (C) congenial。

(A) contentious 有爭議的；愛爭吵的。

a contentious issue（有爭議的議題）。

The bridge’s location remains a contentious subject among local residents.（橋樑的位置在當地居民中仍是一個充滿爭議的話題。）

同義詞：controversial, quarrelsome。反義詞：agreeable, harmonious。

(B) austere 嚴厲的；簡樸的。

an austere lifestyle（簡樸的生活方式）。

The monks lived an austere life, devoted entirely to prayer and meditation.（僧侶們過著嚴厲簡樸的生活，一心致力於祈禱與冥想。）

同義詞：stern, severe。反義詞：luxurious, indulgent。

a congenial atmosphere（宜人的氣氛）。

I found the work environment very congenial, as everyone was willing to help.（我發現工作環境非常友好，因為每個人都樂於助人。）

同義詞：friendly, pleasant。反義詞：unpleasant, disagreeable。

(D) adversarial 對立的；敵對的。

an adversarial relationship（對立關係）。

In a courtroom, the legal process is often adversarial by nature.

（在法庭上，法律程序在本質上通常是對立競爭的。）

同義詞：hostile, antagonistic。反義詞：cooperative, collaborative。

8.Although the historian enjoyed widespread admiration, she also had a persistent ______ who regularly published harsh criticisms of her work in academic journals.

(A) panegyrist

(B) sympathizer

(D) interlocutor

【解析】句意為「雖然這位歷史學家享有廣泛的欽佩，但她也有一個執著的_______，此人定期在學術期刊上發表對她作品的嚴厲批評。」語境中提到有人持續發表批評，因此應填入「誹謗者、批評者」，故正確答案為 (C) detractor。

(A) panegyrist 頌揚者；寫頌辭的人。

a royal panegyrist（皇室頌揚者）。

The poet was known as a panegyrist of the ancient Roman Empire.

（這位詩人以歌頌古羅馬帝國而聞名。）

同義詞：eulogist, flatterer。反義詞：critic, detractor。

(B) sympathizer 同情者；支持者。

a political sympathizer（政治支持者）。

The rebels received help from local sympathizers in the village.

（叛軍得到了村子裡當地同情者的幫助。）

同義詞：supporter, ally。反義詞：opponent, enemy。

despite his detractors（儘管有那些批評他的人）。

His detractors claim that his success is due to luck rather than talent.

（他的批評者聲稱他的成功歸功於運氣而非才華。）

同義詞：critic, slanderer。反義詞：admirer, supporter。

(D) interlocutor 對話者；談話者。

a skilled interlocutor（老練的對話者）。

He found his foreign counterpart to be a challenging interlocutor during the negotiations.（他發現他的外國對手在談判中是一個具有挑戰性的對話者。）

同義詞：conversationalist, speaker。

A. The psychological impetus behind altruistic behavior has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Some theorists contend that individuals assist others primarily to __9__, implying that generosity functions as a mechanism for emotional relief. Competing perspectives, however, posit that prosocial behavior may originate from psychological flourishing rather than discomfort.

Researchers analyzed data to reveal a robust propensity for generous behavior among individuals reporting elevated levels of __10__. Respondents who experienced greater life satisfaction and frequent positive affect were markedly more inclined to donate money, volunteer time, or assist strangers. Positive emotions appear to broaden individuals’ cognitive orientation toward others, __11__ cooperative behavior that transcends cultural and economic boundaries.

By contrast, negative emotional states exhibited only a __12__ relationship with helping behavior. Experiences such as stress, anger, or sadness did not reliably predict whether individuals would engage in altruistic acts. This __13__ suggests that generosity is not primarily driven by attempts to mitigate personal distress.

Instead, psychological well-being seems to cultivate outward-looking dispositions that reinforce social trust and collective cohesion, thereby fostering societies in which prosocial behavior becomes increasingly prevalent.

9.The psychological impetus behind altruistic behavior has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Some theorists contend that individuals assist others primarily to ______, implying that generosity functions as a mechanism for emotional relief.

(A) reckon with their privileges

(B) culminate in controversies

(D) attenuate their own distress

10.Researchers analyzed data to reveal a robust propensity for generous behavior among individuals reporting elevated levels of ______.

(A) subjective well-being

(B) relative pessimism

(D) desired mitigation

11.Positive emotions appear to broaden individuals’ cognitive orientation toward others, ______ cooperative behavior that transcends cultural and economic boundaries.

(A) obscuring

(B) impinging

(D) detesting

12.By contrast, negative emotional states exhibited only a ______ relationship with helping behavior.

(A) comparative

(B) proportionate

(D) tenuous

13.This ______ suggests that generosity is not primarily driven by attempts to mitigate personal distress.

(A) asymmetry

(B) premise

(D) synthesis

【解析】第 9 題

句意為「部分理論家主張，個人協助他人主要是為了_______，這暗示慷慨行為是作為一種情緒舒解的機制。」語境中提到「情緒舒解（emotional relief）」，表示助人是為了減輕負面情緒，故正確答案為 (D) attenuate their own distress。

(A) reckon with their privileges 面對/正視自己的特權。

reckon with the past（面對過去）。

We must reckon with our privileges and help those in need.

（我們必須正視自己的特權並幫助需要的人。）

同義詞：confront。反義詞：ignore。

(B) culminate in controversies 以爭議告終。

culminate in a climax（達到高潮）。

The long-standing debate finally culminated in controversies.

（長期的爭論最終以爭議告終。）

同義詞：end in。反義詞：commence.

underscore the importance（強調重要性）。

The report underscores the misfortunes of the refugees.

（這份報告強調了難民們的不幸。）

同義詞：emphasize。反義詞：downplay。

(D) attenuate their own distress 減輕自身的痛苦/憂慮

attenuate the impact（減輕衝擊）。

The medication helped to attenuate his distress.

（藥物有助於減輕他的痛苦。）

同義詞：mitigate, reduce。反義詞：intensify, aggravate。

第 10 題

句意為「研究人員分析數據顯示，在報告有較高水平_______的個體中，存在強烈的慷慨行為傾向。」後文提到「生活滿意度（life satisfaction）」與「正向情感（positive affect）」，這些皆屬於心理學中的主觀幸福感，故正確答案為 (A) subjective well-being。

(A) subjective well-being 主觀幸福感

enhance subjective well-being（提升主觀幸福感）。

Health and social connections are key to subjective well-being.

（健康與社交連結是主觀幸福感的關鍵。

同義詞：happiness, welfare。反義詞：misery, suffering。

(B) relative pessimism 相對悲觀。

a sense of pessimism（悲觀感）。

Despite the economic growth, there is still relative pessimism among the youth.（儘管經濟增長，年輕人中仍存在相對悲觀的情緒。）

同義詞：hopelessness。反義詞：optimism。

bipartisan support（兩黨支持）。

The new policy was the result of bipartisan decision-making.

（新政策是兩黨共同決策的結果。

同義詞：joint, collaborative。反義詞：partisan, one-sided。

(D) desired mitigation 理想的緩解/減輕。

mitigation of risk（風險緩解）。

The government implemented measures for the desired mitigation of pollution.（政府實施了措施以達到理想的污染緩解。

同義詞：alleviation。反義詞：exacerbation。

第 11 題

句意為「正向情緒似乎擴大了個人對他人的認知導向，_______跨越文化與經濟界限的合作行為。」語境顯示正向情緒「促成」或「加速」了合作，故正確答案為 (C) catalyzing。

(A) obscuring 使模糊；掩蓋。

obscure the truth（掩蓋真相）。

The heavy mist was obscuring the view of the valley.

（濃霧遮住了山谷的景色。）

同義詞：blur, hide。反義詞：clarify, reveal。

(B) impinging 衝擊；影響（通常指負面）。

impinge on someone’s rights（侵犯某人的權利）。

The new regulations are impinging on our freedom.

（新規定正在侵犯我們的自由。）

同義詞：encroach, intrude。反義詞：avoid, leave alone。

catalyze a reaction（催化反應）。

The leader’s speech served to catalyze the protest movement.

（領導人的演講起到了促成抗議運動的作用。）

同義詞：stimulate, activate。反義詞：inhibit, block。

(D) detesting 厭惡；憎恨。

detest doing something（討厭做某事）。

They detest each other after the legal battle.

（在法律訴訟後，他們彼此憎恨。

同義詞：loathe, abhor。反義詞：adore, love。

第 12 題

句意為「相比之下，負面情緒狀態與助人行為之間僅展現出_______的關係。」後文提到壓力或憤怒「無法可靠地預測（did not reliably predict）」助人行為，說明關係非常微弱，故正確答案為 (D) tenuous。

(A) comparative 比較的；相對的。

comparative advantage（比較優勢）。

We made a comparative study of the two economic systems.

（我們對這兩種經濟體系進行了比較研究。

同義詞：relative。反義詞：absolute。

(B) proportionate 成比例的；相稱的。

proportionate to the size（與尺寸成比例）

The punishment should be proportionate to the crime.

（懲罰應與罪行相稱。）

同義詞：corresponding, balanced。反義詞：disproportionate。

a causal link（因果連結）。

It is difficult to establish a causal relationship between the two events.

（很難確立這兩起事件之間的因果關係。）

同義詞：determinative。反義詞：incidental, random。

(D) tenuous 微弱的；纖細的；站不住腳的

a tenuous connection（微弱的聯繫）。

The evidence for the theory remains tenuous.（該理論的證據依然薄弱。）同義詞：weak, fragile。反義詞：strong, robust。

第 13 題

句意為「這種_______表明，慷慨並非主要由試圖減輕個人痛苦所驅動。」前文提到「正向情緒與助人有強烈關聯」但「負面情緒與助人關係微弱」，這種兩者不對稱的現象即為正確答案 (A) asymmetry。

(A) asymmetry 不對稱；不勻稱

information asymmetry（資訊不對稱）。

The asymmetry of the building’s design makes it unique.

（建築設計的不對稱使其顯得獨特。）

同義詞：imbalance, disproportion。反義詞：symmetry, balance。

(B) premise 前提；假定。

on the premise that…（在…的前提下）。

The argument is based on a false premise.

（這個論點是建立在錯誤的前提之上的。）

同義詞：assumption, hypothesis。反義詞：conclusion, result。

nuclear proliferation（核武擴散）。

The proliferation of smartphones has changed how we communicate.（智慧型手機的激增改變了我們的通訊方式。）

同義詞：expansion, increase。反義詞：reduction, decrease。

(D) synthesis 綜合；合成。

a synthesis of ideas（思想的融合）。

His philosophy is a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought.

（他的哲學是東西方思想的結合。）

同義詞：combination, fusion。反義詞：analysis, separation。

Low Earth orbit (LEO) is often regarded as a vast and resilient environment capable of accommodating an ever-growing constellation of satellites. However, recent research suggests that this assumption may be fundamentally misguided. The carrying capacity of orbital space is not fixed; rather, it is __14__ atmospheric conditions that regulate the removal of debris. When

atmospheric density is sufficiently high, orbital drag gradually pulls defunct satellites and fragments back toward Earth, thereby stabilizing the environment.

Climate change, paradoxically, may __15__ this stabilizing mechanism. Rising concentrations of greenhouse gases cool and contract the thermosphere, reducing atmospheric density at orbital altitudes. As a result, debris remains in orbit longer, __16__ collisions and cascading fragmentation events.

Researchers propose the concept of instantaneous Kessler capacity, an analytical metric estimating how many satellites can occupy a region of orbit without triggering runaway debris growth. Their __17__ indicate that, under high-emission scenarios, orbital capacity may decline dramatically by the end of the century.

Consequently, the governance of orbital space must __18__ environmental variability and future climate trajectories. Without coordinated regulation and emissions mitigation, humanity

risks transforming a critical technological resource into an unstable and congested domain.

14.The carrying capacity of orbital space is not fixed; rather, it is ______ atmospheric conditions that regulate the removal of debris.

(A) substantiated by

(B) contingent upon

(D) plausible to

15.Climate change, paradoxically, may ______ this stabilizing mechanism.

(A) ameliorate

(B) implicate

(D) amplify

16.As a result, debris remains in orbit longer, ______ collisions and cascading fragmentation events.

(A) integrating the paradigm of

(B) permeating the environs of

(D) increasing the likelihood of

17.Their ______ indicate that, under high-emission scenarios, orbital capacity may decline dramatically by the end of the century.

(A) conundrums

(B) projections

(D) discrepancies

18.Consequently, the governance of orbital space must ______ environmental variability and future climate trajectories.

(A) account for

(B) allude to

(D) prevail over

【解析】第 14 題

句意為「軌道空間的承載能力並非固定不變；相反地，它_______調節碎片清除的大氣條件。」語境顯示軌道容量會隨著大氣條件而改變，即「取決於」大氣狀況，故正確答案為 (B) contingent upon。

(A) substantiated by 證實；證明。

be substantiated by evidence（被證據證實）。

The theory was substantiated by the latest experimental results.

（該理論被最新的實驗結果所證實。）

同義詞：confirmed, verified。反義詞：disproved, refuted。

(B) contingent upon 視…而定；取決於（正確答案）。

contingent upon approval（取決於批准）。

Our outdoor plans are contingent upon the weather.

（我們的戶外計畫視天氣而定。）

同義詞：dependent on, conditional on。

反義詞：independent of, unconditional。

contrary to expectations（與預期相反）。

Contrary to popular belief, the desert can be very cold at night.（與大眾觀點相反，沙漠在晚上可能非常寒冷。）

同義詞：opposing, conflicting。反義詞：consistent with, similar to。

(D) plausible to 似乎合理的；可信的。

a plausible explanation（合理的解釋）。

It seems plausible to assume that the team will win given their current form.（鑑於該隊目前的狀態，假設他們會贏似乎是合理的。）

同義詞：credible, believable。反義詞：implausible, unlikely。

第 15 題

句意為「矛盾的是，氣候變遷可能會_______這種穩定機制。」前文提到大氣密度能穩定軌道環境，後文則說溫室氣體導致大氣密度降低，使碎片停留更久，這顯然是在「破壞」原有的穩定功能，故正確答案為 (C) undermine。

(A) ameliorate 改善；改良。

ameliorate the situation（改善情況）。

The government implemented new policies to ameliorate the living conditions of the poor.（政府實施新政策以改善窮人的生活條件。）

同義詞：improve, enhance。反義詞：worsen, deteriorate。

(B) implicate 牽連；涉及。

be implicated in a scandal（捲入醜聞）。

The evidence seemed to implicate him in the robbery.（證據似乎顯示他涉嫌這起搶案。）

同義詞：involve, incriminate。反義詞：exonerate, absolve。

undermine someone’s authority（削弱某人的權威）。

Constant criticism can undermine a student’s confidence.（不斷的批評會削弱學生的信心。）

同義詞：weaken, sabotage。反義詞：strengthen, fortify。

(D) amplify 放大；增強。

amplify the sound（放大聲音）。

Using a megaphone will help amplify your voice to the crowd.（使用擴音器有助於向群眾放大你的聲音。）

同義詞：magnify, boost。反義詞：diminish, quieten。

第 16 題

句意為「結果是，碎片在軌道上停留的時間更長，_______碰撞和連鎖碎片化事件。」當碎片變多且停留更久，碰撞發生的機率自然會提高，故正確答案為 (D) increasing the likelihood of。

(A) integrating the paradigm of 整合…的範式/模式。

integrate theory with practice（理論與實踐結合）。

The course is integrating the paradigm of sustainable development into business.（這門課程正將永續發展的範式整合進商業中。）

同義詞：incorporate。反義詞：separate。

(B) permeating the environs of 滲透到…的周邊環境。

permeate the atmosphere（瀰漫在大氣中）。

The smell of coffee began permeating the environs of the kitchen.

（咖啡味開始瀰漫在廚房周遭。）

同義詞：spread through, penetrate。反義詞：dry up, evaporate。

idealize the past（把過去理想化）。

We should avoid idealizing the model of early industrialization.

（我們應避免將早期工業化的模式理想化。）

同義詞：glamorize。反義詞：demonize, criticize。

(D) increasing the likelihood of 增加…的可能性

likelihood of success（成功的可能性）。

Lack of sleep significantly increases the likelihood of making mistakes.

（睡眠不足會顯著增加犯錯的可能性。）

同義詞：raise the probability of。反義詞：decrease the chance of。

第 17 題

句意為「他們的_______顯示，在高排放的情境下，軌道承載力可能在世紀末劇烈下降。」研究人員針對未來情況所做的預估或推算稱為「預測」，故正確答案為 (B) projections。

(A) conundrums 難題；謎團。

solve a conundrum（解開謎團）。

The source of the mysterious signal remains one of science’s great conundrums.（這個神祕信號的來源仍是科學界的一大難題。）

同義詞：puzzles, riddles。反義詞：solutions, answers。

(B) projections 預測；推測；投影

population projections（人口預測）。

Based on current projections, the company expects a 10% growth next year.（根據目前的預測，公司預計明年增長 10%。）

同義詞：forecasts, estimates。反義詞：historical facts (歷史事實)。

defense mechanism（防衛機制）。

Scientists are studying the mechanisms by which plants resist drought.（科學家正在研究植物抗旱的機制。）

同義詞：processes, systems。反義詞：disorders。

(D) discrepancies 差異；不一致。

discrepancies in the data（數據不一致）。

There were several discrepancies between the two witness accounts.（兩位證人的說法之間存在幾處不一致。）

同義詞：inconsistencies, differences。反義詞：similarities, consistency。

第 18 題

句意為「因此，軌道空間的管理必須_______環境變異性與未來的氣候軌跡。」管理政策需要「考量」或「解釋」這些變因，故正確答案為 (A) account for。

(A) account for 考量；解釋；佔（比例）

account for the difference（解釋差異）。

When planning the budget, you must account for unexpected expenses.

（編列預算時，你必須考量意外支出。）

In many professional environments, the presupposition that longer working hours inevitably yield greater productivity remains deeply ingrained. Employees who remain at their desks late into the evening are often thought to __19__ diligence. Yet this assumption has increasingly been subjected to __20__, as scholars question whether prolonged labor enhances output or merely perpetuates an illusion of industriousness.

Human cognitive resources are inherently __21__, that is, bounded rather than limitless. When individuals engage in sustained intellectual exertion without adequate recuperation, their capacity for sustained attention gradually deteriorates. Mental fatigue accumulates, impairing analytical precision and rendering decision-making more __22__. Under such conditions, additional hours often produce diminishing returns: the quantity of activity expands while the quality of work correspondingly declines.

Empirical investigations within organizational psychology have produced findings that complicate traditional assumptions. Several firms that curtailed the conventional workweek, such as by reducing the total number of hours employees spent in the office, reported __23__ outcomes. Workers frequently exhibited heightened concentration and greater task engagement, suggesting that efficiency may arise from focused effort rather than protracted labor.

Equally significant is the role of cognitive __24__, a process through which the mind reorganizes and integrates information. Periods of psychological detachment from work facilitate this process, enabling insights that often remain __25__ during prolonged exertion.

All in all, these observations __26__ the longstanding valorization of relentless labor. Productivity, it appears, depends less on temporal duration than on the judicious allocation of cognitive energy.

(AB) elusive (AC) circumscribed (AD) consolidation (AE) exemplify (BC) fallible (BD) subvert (BE) scrutiny (CD) paradoxical

【解析】

本篇探討「工時」與「產出」的關係。傳統觀念認為工時越長產出越高，但研究指出人類認知資源有限，過度勞動反而會導致決策失誤與效率遞減。相反地，適度的休息與資訊整合（認知鞏固）更能提升品質。

(AE) exemplify：範例；舉例說明；作為…的典型

(BE) scrutiny：詳細審查；監視

(AC) circumscribed：受限制的；被限制在範圍內的

(BC) fallible：易出錯的；會犯錯的

(CD) paradoxical：似非而是的；矛盾的

(AD) consolidation：鞏固；合併；強化

(AB) elusive：難以捉摸的；難以找到的

(BD) subvert：推翻；顛覆

19. (AE) exemplify

句意：「在辦公桌前待到深夜的員工，通常被認為是勤奮的典型。」

此處需要動詞，表達員工的行為「代表」或「展現」了勤奮。 exemplify the spirit（展現精神）

Her paintings exemplify the art movement of the period.

（她的畫作是那個時期藝術運動的典型。）

同義詞： embody, represent / 反義詞： misrepresent

20. (BE) scrutiny

「然而，這項假設日益受到詳細審查，學者們質疑長時間勞動是否真的能提升產出。」

subjected to scrutiny” 是一個常見片語，表示受到檢視。

come under close scrutiny（受到嚴密審查）

The company’s accounts are now under intense scrutiny.

（公司的帳目現在正受到嚴密審查。）

同義詞： inspection, examination反義詞： neglect, ignorance

21. (AC) circumscribed

「人類的認知資源本質上是受限的，也就是說是有界限而非無限的。」

bounded rather than limitless”，故選表達「受限」之意的詞。

circumscribed power（受限的權力）

His role in the project was circumscribed by the limited budget.

（他在計畫中的角色受限於有限的預算。）

同義詞： restricted, limited 反義詞： infinite, boundless

22. (BC) fallible

「精神疲勞會累積，損害分析的精準度並使決策變得更加易出錯。」

疲勞會讓決策品質下降，變得容易出錯。

human judgment is fallible（人類的判斷是會犯錯的）

We must remember that even experts are fallible.

（我們必須記住，即使是專家也會犯錯。）

同義詞： error-prone, imperfect 反義詞： infallible, perfect

23. (CD) paradoxical

「幾家縮減工時的公司報告了**似非而是（矛盾但正確）**的結果：員工反而表現出更高的專注力。」

減少工時卻增加效率，這與直覺相反，故稱為 paradoxical。

a paradoxical situation（矛盾的情況）

It is paradoxical that drinking too much water can sometimes lead to dehydration.（多喝水有時反而導致脫水，這聽起來很矛盾。）

同義詞： contradictory, ironic 反義詞： consistent, logical

24. (AD) consolidation

「同樣重要的是認知鞏固的角色，這是一個大腦重組與整合資訊的過程。」

cognitive consolidation” 指資訊在大腦中長期儲存前的穩定過程。

memory consolidation（記憶鞏固）

Sleep is essential for the consolidation of memories.（睡眠對於記憶的鞏固至關重要。）

同義詞： strengthening, integration 反義詞： separation, weakening

25. (AB) elusive

「從工作中抽離能促成洞察力，而這些洞察力在長時間勞動中往往是難以捉摸的。」

指靈感或見解在疲勞時很難出現。

an elusive dream（難以實現的夢想）

Success remained elusive despite his hard work.（儘管他很努力，成功依然難以捉摸。）

同義詞： slippery, evasive 反義詞： obvious, attainable

26. (BD) subvert

「總而言之，這些觀察結果顛覆了長期以來對不懈勞動的推崇。」

這裡需要動詞，表示研究結果挑戰並推翻了舊有的價值觀。

subvert the system（顛覆體制）

The rebels tried to subvert the established government.

（反叛者試圖顛覆既定政府。）

同義詞： undermine, overthrow 反義詞： support, uphold

Taste is a special sense closely related to smell. Taste conveys information about fairly high concentrations of chemicals dissolved in liquids while smell detects lower concentrations of chemicals in gaseous form. __27__ For example, when the nasal passages are blocked, as when one has a cold, it is difficult to distinguish between bland foods.

In man and other mammals the taste receptor cells are located in the fungiform papillae at the front of the tongue and in the foliate and circumvallate papillae at the back of the tongue. Among insects and other invertebrate animals, taste receptors are located in specialized hairs on the feet, legs, or body surface. __28__ The first recordings of electrical impulses from taste cells were obtained in 1955 from a receptor of a fly. In mammals, it is customary to study the electrical activity of the chorda tympani nerve, which supplies the fungiform papillae.

The idea that there are four different types of taste receptors, each giving rise to a single sensation – sweet, salt, sour, and bitter – is a popular oversimplification. __29__

It is generally assumed that the cell membrane of a receptor cell has various sites that combine with different chemicals. __30__ A preference for sugar, the so-called sweet tooth,” is common among many animals, and taste cravings to compensate for dietary of hormonal imbalances are well known. It is thought that these generally result from the brain’s processing of incoming taste impulses rather than from changes in the receptors themselves.

(A) The sensations perceived in the brain evidently result from a complex coding of the electrical impulses transmitted by the receptor cells.

(B) A single taste receptor cell may alter its output of electrical impulses to any three or four of these so-called modalities

(D) Often, smell plays an important role in the perception of many sensations considered to be tastes.

(E) Because of the accessibility of taste receptors in some insects, much of the fundamental research on taste mechanisms has been conducted on these animals.

【解析】第一段：味覺與嗅覺的關係味覺是一種與嗅覺密切相關的特殊感官。味覺傳遞的是關於溶解在液體中、濃度相當高的化學物質訊息；而嗅覺則偵測氣態形式、濃度較低的化學物質。[27：(D)]。例如，當鼻腔阻塞時（如感冒時），就很難區分清淡食物的味道。

空格後提到感冒鼻塞會影響辨別食物味道，這說明了嗅覺對味覺的重要性。因此選 (D) 通常，嗅覺在感知許多被認為是「味覺」的感受中扮演重要角色。

第二段：不同生物的味覺受器在人類和其他哺乳動物中，味覺受器細胞位於舌頭前方的蕈狀乳突，以及舌後方的葉狀乳突和輪廓乳突。在昆蟲和其他無脊椎動物中，味覺受器則位於腳、腿或身體表面的特殊毛髮上。[28：(E)]。最早的味覺細胞電脈衝記錄是 1955 年從蒼蠅的受器中取得的。在哺乳動物中，通常會研究供應蕈狀乳突的「鼓索神經」之電活動。

前文提到昆蟲的受器在腳或身體表面，後文提到最早的實驗記錄來自蒼蠅。因此選 (E) 由於某些昆蟲的味覺受器易於觸及（研究），關於味覺機制的許多基礎研究都是在這些動物身上進行的。

第三段：味覺分類的迷思那種認為有四種不同類型的味覺受器，每種各產生一種感覺（甜、鹹、酸、苦）的觀點，是一種流行的過度簡化。[29：(B)]

此段在反駁「一對一」的味覺模型（一個受器只對應一種味道）。因此選 (B) 單個味覺受器細胞可能會針對這四種所謂的「味覺型態」中的任何三或四種，來改變其電脈衝輸出。（意指一個細胞能感應多種味道）。

第四段：味覺的產生與偏好一般認為，受器細胞的細胞膜具有與不同化學物質結合的各個位點。[30：(A)]。對糖的偏好（即所謂的「嗜甜」）在許多動物中很常見，而為了補償飲食或荷爾蒙失調而產生的味覺渴望也廣為人知。人們認為，這些現象通常源於大腦對傳入味覺脈衝的處理，而非受器本身發生了變化。

此處接續受器細胞如何將信號傳回。選 (A) 大腦所感知到的感覺，顯然是由受器細胞傳輸的電脈衝經過複雜編碼後的結果。

27. 答案：(D)

前文提到：味覺偵測液體中的高濃度化學物，嗅覺偵測氣體中的低濃度化學物。

後文提到：「例如，當鼻腔阻塞（感冒）時，就很難區分清淡食物的味道。」

後文的例子直接說明了「嗅覺會影響我們對味道的判斷」。

(D) Often, smell plays an important role in the perception of many sensations considered to be tastes.（通常，嗅覺在感知許多被視為味覺的感受中扮演重要角色。）這句話完美銜接了後面的感冒例子。

28. 人類受器在舌頭，而昆蟲的受器在腳、腿或身體表面（較易接觸）。

後文提到：1955 年最早的電脈衝記錄是從蒼蠅（昆蟲）身上取得的。

這一空格需要連結「昆蟲的生理構造」與「科學研究」之間的關係。

(E) Because of the accessibility of taste receptors in some insects, much of the fundamental research on taste mechanisms has been conducted on these animals.（由於某些昆蟲的味覺受器易於觸及，關於味覺機制的許多基礎研究都是在這些動物身上進行的。）

29.

前文提到：認為味覺受器分為四種（甜、鹹、酸、苦）且各司其職的觀點，是一種**「流行的過度簡化」（popular oversimplification）**。

既然說是「簡化」，空格處必須解釋「實際上並非一對一」。

(B) A single taste receptor cell may alter its output of electrical impulses to any three or four of these so-called modalities.（單個味覺受器細胞可能會對這四種所謂的味覺型態中的任何三、四種產生電脈衝反應。）這解釋了為何「四種分類法」太過簡單，因為一個細胞可以同時對應多種味道。

30.

前文提到：受器細胞膜上有不同位點與化學物質結合。

後文提到：對甜食的渴望通常源於**「大腦處理傳入的脈衝」**，而非受器本身的變化。

空格需要填入關於「受器訊號如何變成大腦感知」的描述，以對應後文提到的「大腦處理」（brain’s processing）。

(A) The sensations perceived in the brain evidently result from a complex coding of the electrical impulses transmitted by the receptor cells.（在大腦中感知到的感覺，顯然是由受器細胞傳輸的電脈衝經過複雜編碼後的結果。）

錯誤干擾項分析

這是本大題最陰險的干擾項。文中第二段末尾提到了 chorda tympani nerve（鼓索神經），這條神經確實經過中耳，但 tympanic membrane（鼓膜/耳膜）本身是負責聽覺的，與味覺感知沒有直接關係。這屬於「利用相似單字誤導」的典型陷阱。

Dissolved: 溶解的

Receptor cells: 受器細胞

Papillae: 乳突（舌頭上的小突起）

Invertebrate: 無脊椎動物

Modalities: 型態/類別

Cravings: 渴望/嗜好

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