While the new legislation was promoted as a progressive step toward SDG 13 (Climate Action), a closer analysis showed it would _____ polluters from legal responsibility.
(A) redress (B) absolve(C) legitimize(D) relinquish B
「雖然這項新立法被宣傳為邁向 SDG 13(氣候行動)的進步一步,但更深入的分析顯示,它將會_____污染者的法律責任。」
句中轉折詞 While 與 a closer analysis showed 顯示
表面上是進步,實際效果卻相反——讓污染者免於法律責任,因此應填入「免除、開脫責任」之意。
(B) absolve 免除(責任、罪責);赦免
absolve sb from responsibility(免除某人的責任)
absolve sb of blame(免除某人的過錯)
The new law would absolve corporations from environmental liability.
這項新法律將使企業免於環境責任。
同義詞: exonerate, forgive, pardon
反義詞: blame, accuse, hold accountable
(A) redress 糾正;補救;賠償(不公或損害)
seek redress(尋求補救/申訴)
redress an injustice(糾正不公)
The court ordered compensation to redress the environmental damage.
法院下令賠償以補救環境損害。
同義詞: remedy, rectify, compensate
反義詞: worsen, aggravate, ignore
(C) legitimize 使合法化;使正當化
legitimize an action(使某行為合法化)
legitimize authority(使權威正當化)
The policy was criticized for legitimizing harmful practices.
該政策因使有害行為合法化而受到批評。
同義詞: legalize, authorize, validate
反義詞: criminalize, delegitimize, outlaw
(D) relinquish 放棄;讓渡(權力、責任、控制)
relinquish control(放棄控制權)relinquish responsibility(放棄責任)
He relinquished his claim to the property.他放棄了對該財產的主張。
同義詞: give up, surrender, forgo
反義詞: retain, maintain, keep
he CEO’s apology, filled with vague platitudes and evasive language, was widely perceived as a _____ attempt to restore the company’s damaged reputation.
(A) polemical(B) vindictive(C) trenchant(D) perfunctory D
【解析】這位執行長的道歉充滿了空洞的陳腔濫調與閃避的語言,被廣泛認為只是一次_____的嘗試,企圖挽回公司受損的聲譽。」
關鍵語境線索為 vague platitudes(空泛的套話) 與 evasive language(閃爍其詞的語言),顯示道歉缺乏誠意、只是做做樣子
(D) perfunctory 敷衍的;草率的;例行公事的
perfunctory apology(敷衍的道歉)
a perfunctory attempt(敷衍了事的嘗試)
The company issued a perfunctory apology that failed to convince the public.
該公司發出了一份敷衍的道歉,未能說服大眾。
同義詞: cursory, superficial, half-hearted
反義詞: sincere, thorough, heartfelt
(A) polemical 好辯的;具爭議性的;挑起論戰的
polemical writing(論戰性文章)a polemical stance(好爭辯的立場) The article took a polemical tone that sparked public debate.
這篇文章採取了爭議性語氣,引發了公共辯論。
同義詞: argumentative, controversial
反義詞: conciliatory, agreeable
(B) vindictive 報復性的;記仇的
vindictive behavior(報復行為)a vindictive attitude(報復心態)
His vindictive comments damaged any chance of reconciliation.
他報復性的言論破壞了和解的可能。
同義詞: spiteful, vengeful反義詞: forgiving, magnanimous
(C) trenchant 尖銳的;犀利的;一針見血的
trenchant criticism(尖銳的批評)a trenchant analysis(犀利的分析)
She offered a trenchant critique of the flawed policy.
她對該缺陷政策提出了犀利的批評。
同義詞: incisive, sharp反義詞: vague, mild, bland
Despite some initial concerns, the project received _____approval from the board of directors, who were impressed with the thoroughness of the proposal.
(A) unqualified(B) impudent(C) prodigal(D) recalcitrant A
【解析】「儘管最初有些疑慮,該專案仍然獲得董事會的_____批准,因為他們對提案的周密程度印象深刻。」
關鍵語境為 Despite some initial concerns 與 were impressed with the thoroughness of the proposal,表示最終給予的是完全、毫無保留的批准,因此應填入「無條件的、完全的」。
(A) unqualified 無條件的;完全的;毫無保留的
unqualified approval(完全的批准)
an unqualified success(完全的成功)
The plan received unqualified support from senior management.
該計畫獲得高層管理人員毫無保留的支持。
同義詞: unconditional, complete, absolute
反義詞: conditional, limited, qualified
(B) impudent 無禮的;放肆的
impudent remark(無禮的言論)an impudent attitude(放肆的態度)
The impudent comment offended everyone in the room.
那句無禮的評論冒犯了房內所有人。
同義詞: rude, insolent, impertinent反義詞: polite, respectful, courteous
(C) prodigal 揮霍的;浪費的;慷慨過度的
prodigal spending(揮霍的支出)
the prodigal son(浪子回頭,聖經典故)
The company was criticized for its prodigal use of resources.
該公司因資源使用過於揮霍而遭批評。
同義詞: wasteful, extravagant反義詞: frugal, thrifty, economical
(D) recalcitrant 頑抗的;桀驁不馴的;不服從的
recalcitrant employee(不服從的員工)
recalcitrant behavior(頑抗行為)
The recalcitrant child refused to follow the rules.
那個頑抗的孩子拒絕遵守規定。
同義詞: defiant, stubborn, uncooperative
反義詞: compliant, obedient, cooperative
The judge was appalled by the moral _____of the defendant, as he had been caught embezzling from a charitable organization.
(A) vestige(B) propriety(C) turpitude(D) indemnification C
【解析】「法官對被告的道德_____感到震驚,因為他被抓到侵吞慈善機構的資金。」
關鍵線索為 embezzling from a charitable organization(侵吞慈善機構資金),此行為屬於嚴重的不道德與卑劣行徑,因此應填入表示「道德敗壞、卑劣行為」的字。
(C) turpitude 卑劣;道德敗壞(尤指嚴重的不道德行為)
moral turpitude(道德敗壞)an act of turpitude(卑劣行為)
Fraud and embezzlement are crimes involving moral turpitude.
詐欺與侵吞屬於涉及道德敗壞的犯罪。
同義詞: depravity, corruption, immorality
反義詞: integrity, virtue, morality
(A) vestige 殘餘;遺跡;一絲
a vestige of hope(一絲希望)vestiges of the past(過去的殘跡)
There was no vestige of regret in his expression.
他的表情中沒有一絲悔意。
同義詞: trace, remnant, residue反義詞: entirety, whole
(B) propriety 得體;禮儀;正當性
a sense of propriety(得體感)
question the propriety of sth(質疑某事的正當性)
She always behaves with propriety in formal settings.
她在正式場合中總是舉止得體。
同義詞: decency, correctness, decorum
反義詞: impropriety, indecency
(D) indemnification 賠償;補償;保障免責
seek indemnification(尋求賠償)indemnification clause(賠償條款)
The contract includes indemnification for financial losses.
該合約包含對財務損失的賠償條款。
同義詞: compensation, reimbursement反義詞: loss, penalty
It is important not to _____ correlation with causation when analyzing data, as doing so can lead to erroneous conclusions.
(A) obscure(B) besmirch(C) conflate(D) repudiate C
【解析】「在分析資料時,重要的是不要把相關性_____成因果關係,因為這樣做可能導致錯誤的結論。」
句中固定用法為 conflate A with B,意指「把兩個不同的概念混為一談」。在資料分析與研究語境中,最常見的警語正是「不要把相關性當成因果關係」。
(C) conflate 混淆;合併(不同事物)
conflate A with B(把 A 與 B 混為一談)
conflate two issues(混淆兩個議題)
Many people mistakenly conflate correlation with causation.
許多人錯誤地將相關性與因果關係混為一談。
同義詞: confuse, merge, mix up
反義詞: distinguish, separate, differentiate
(A) obscure 使模糊;遮掩;使難以理解
obscure the truth(掩蓋真相)obscure details(模糊細節)
Poor data visualization can obscure important trends.
不良的資料視覺化會掩蓋重要趨勢。
同義詞: conceal, blur, cloud反義詞: clarify, reveal, illuminate
(B) besmirch 玷污;詆毀(名聲、名譽)
besmirch one’s reputation(玷污某人的名聲)
besmirch a name(抹黑名聲)
False accusations can besmirch an innocent person’s reputation.
不實指控可能玷污無辜者的名聲。
同義詞: tarnish, defame, smear反義詞: honor, praise, vindicate
(D) repudiate 否認;拒絕接受;斷然否定
repudiate a claim(否認某主張)repudiate responsibility(否認責任)
The scientist repudiated the flawed theory.
該科學家否認了這個有缺陷的理論。
同義詞: reject, deny, disavow反義詞: accept, endorse, acknowledge
causation 因果關係;因果性
指「一件事情導致另一件事情發生的關係」,常用於科學研究、法律、統計與邏輯分析中。
常用片語/短句
• correlation vs. causation(相關性與因果關係)
• establish causation(建立因果關係)
• prove causation(證明因果關係)
• imply causation(暗示因果關係)
• lack of causation(缺乏因果關係)
Correlation does not necessarily imply causation.
相關性不一定代表因果關係。
The study failed to establish a clear causation between diet and disease.
該研究未能建立飲食與疾病之間明確的因果關係。
同義詞
• cause-and-effect relationship 因果關係
• causal relationship 因果關聯
• causality 因果性
反義詞/對立概念
• correlation 相關性
• coincidence 巧合
• randomness 隨機性
在學術與數據分析題目中,causation 幾乎必定與 correlation 對比出現,常搭配動詞:conflate / imply / establish / prove / confuse
Reading about the character’s thrilling adventures in the novel gave me a (an)_____ experience of traveling to far-off places and exploring unknown territories.
(A) remiss(B) vicarious(C) wistful(D) ostensible B
【解析】「閱讀小說中角色驚險刺激的冒險,讓我產生了一種_____的旅行體驗,彷彿前往遙遠的地方並探索未知的領域。」
關鍵語境線索為 Reading about the character’s adventures 與 gave me an experience of traveling,表示「透過他人的經歷而間接體驗」,因此應填入表示「間接體驗他人感受」的字。
(B) vicarious 間接的;替代的;身歷其境(透過他人)
vicarious experience(間接體驗)vicarious pleasure(替代式的快樂)
She lived a vicarious life through travel blogs and novels.
她透過旅遊部落格與小說間接體驗旅行人生。
同義詞: indirect, secondhand, empathetic
反義詞: direct, firsthand, personal
(A) remiss 疏忽的;怠忽職守的
be remiss in one’s duties(玩忽職守)a remiss attitude(怠慢的態度)
The manager was remiss in addressing the safety issue.
這位經理在處理安全問題上相當疏忽。
同義詞: negligent, careless反義詞: diligent, conscientious
(C) wistful 惆悵的;感傷而嚮往的
a wistful smile(惆悵的微笑)
feel wistful about the past(對過去感到感傷)
He gave a wistful look at the old photographs.
他帶著惆悵的眼神看著舊照片。
同義詞: nostalgic, melancholic反義詞: cheerful, content
(D) ostensible 表面上的;貌似的(但未必真實)
ostensible reason(表面理由)ostensible purpose(表面目的)
The ostensible aim of the meeting was cooperation.
這次會議表面上的目的是合作。
同義詞: apparent, seeming
反義詞: genuine, real, actual
When the manager asked me if I had seen his wallet, his _____ that I had taken it made me feel offended and defensive.
(A) aberration(B) conflagration(C) prevarication(D) insinuation D
【解析】「當經理問我是否看過他的錢包時,他_____我拿走錢包的說法讓我感到被冒犯並產生防衛心。」
關鍵語境線索為 made me feel offended and defensive,表示經理不是直接指控,而是拐彎抹角地暗示我偷了錢包
(D) insinuation 暗示;影射;含沙射影的指控
make an insinuation(做出影射)
an insinuation of guilt(暗示有罪)
His insinuation that I was dishonest deeply offended me.
他暗示我不誠實,讓我感到非常被冒犯。
同義詞: implication, suggestion, innuendo
反義詞: denial, clarification, exoneration
(A) aberration 偏差;反常行為
a temporary aberration(暫時的反常)
a mental aberration(精神失常)
The mistake was seen as an aberration rather than a pattern.
這個錯誤被視為一次偏差,而非常態。
同義詞: anomaly, deviation反義詞: normality, conformity
(B) conflagration 大火;大規模災難
a massive conflagration(一場大火)
spark a conflagration(引發大火)
The conflagration destroyed several buildings.
這場大火摧毀了數棟建築。
同義詞: blaze, inferno反義詞: calm, extinguishment
(C) prevarication 支吾其詞;閃爍其詞;說謊
resort to prevarication(開始支吾其詞)
political prevarication(政治上的閃避說法)
His prevarication made the audience suspicious.
他支吾其詞的回答讓觀眾起疑。
同義詞: evasion, equivocation反義詞: honesty, frankness
After the US announced new tariffs, Apple’s stock fell sharply. Investors, anticipating supply chain disruptions,_____ the impact on its Asian manufacturing hubs.
(A) braced for(B) roughed up(C) bailed out(D) flagged down A
【解析】「在美國宣布新的關稅措施後,蘋果公司的股價大幅下跌。投資人預期供應鏈將受到干擾,於是_____其在亞洲製造樞紐所受到的影響。」
關鍵語境線索為 anticipating supply chain disruptions(預期供應鏈中斷)與股價下跌,表示投資人是在心理與策略上做好準備去承受衝擊,
(A) brace for 為……做好準備;嚴陣以待
brace for impact(為衝擊做好準備)
brace for disruptions(準備面對中斷)
Companies are bracing for higher costs due to new tariffs.
企業正為新關稅帶來的成本上升做好準備。
同義詞: prepare for, steel oneself for
反義詞: ignore, be unprepared for, overlook
(B) rough up 毆打;粗暴對待
rough someone up(痛毆某人)get roughed up(被痛打)
The suspect was roughed up during the arrest.
嫌犯在逮捕過程中遭到粗暴對待。
同義詞: assault, beat up反義詞: protect, treat gently
(C) bail out 保釋;救助;紓困
bail out a company(紓困公司)be bailed out(被救助)
The government decided to bail out the failing bank.
政府決定救助這家瀕臨倒閉的銀行。
同義詞: rescue, salvage反義詞: abandon, let fail
(D) flag down 揮手示意使停下(車輛)
flag down a taxi(攔計程車)flag down a bus(攔公車)
She flagged down a cab in the rain.她在雨中攔下一輛計程車。
同義詞: signal, stop反義詞: ignore, wave off
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