108 臺北市國中教甄英語科試題

To enlarge your vocabulary size, you need to study ____________.

(A) epistemology

(B) theology

(D) etymology D

【解析】（想要擴大你的詞彙量，你需要學習 ______。）

題目關鍵在於 enlarge your vocabulary size（擴大詞彙量）。

能直接幫助理解、記憶、推測單字意思的學科，就是研究「字的來源與演變」的 etymology（詞源學）。

(A) epistemology — 認識論

研究「知識的本質、來源與限制」

與語言或單字學習無直接關係

epistemology of science（科學認識論）

(B) theology — 神學 study theology（研讀神學）

a poetry anthology（詩集）

(D) etymology — 詞源學

研究單字的起源、構詞與歷史演變

study etymology（研究詞源學）

Studying etymology helps learners expand their vocabulary.

研究詞源學能幫助學習者擴大詞彙量。

His notes on the topic of his research were so ______ that he did not know how to organize them.

(A) copious(B) germane(C) meager(D) obsolete C

【解析】（他關於研究主題的筆記多到＿＿＿，以致於不知道該如何整理。）

關鍵線索是後半句：

“that he did not know how to organize them”

表示「筆記太多、內容大量」，多到難以整理。

最符合「數量很多」語意的選項是 copious。

(A) copious — 大量的；豐富的

常用來形容資料、筆記、雨量等「很多」

copious notes（大量筆記）

copious amounts of data（大量資料）

She took copious notes during the lecture.

她在課堂上做了大量筆記。

(B) germane — 有關的；切題的

強調「相關性」，不是數量

germane to the issue（與議題相關）

a meager income（微薄的收入）

(D) obsolete — 過時的；淘汰的

obsolete technology（過時科技）

In the face of a long history of the earth, human life is ________.

(A) incorrigible(B) lunatic(C) ephemeral(D) fanatic C

【解析】

在地球漫長的歷史面前人類的生命是＿＿＿

句子以地球漫長的歷史作為對照

需要一個能表達生命「極為短暫」的形容詞

ephemeral 正確呈現出轉瞬即逝的時間概念

(A) incorrigible — 無可救藥的頑固不改的

incorrigible habit 無法改掉的習慣

incorrigible optimist 怎麼樣都樂觀的人

He is an incorrigible liar who never tells the truth.

他是個積習難改從不說實話的人

同義詞hopeless 無可救藥的unreformable 無法改革的

反義詞reformable 可改正的correctable 可矯正的

(B) lunatic — 瘋狂的精神錯亂的

lunatic behavior 瘋狂的行為lunatic idea 荒唐的想法

Only a lunatic would drive that fast in the rain.

只有瘋子才會在雨中開那麼快

同義詞crazy 瘋狂的insane 精神失常的

反義詞sane 理智的rational 合理的

ephemeral life 短暫的生命

ephemeral fame 曇花一現的名聲

Human life is ephemeral when compared with the long history of the earth.

與地球漫長的歷史相比人類的生命極為短暫

同義詞transient 短暫的fleeting 飛逝的

反義詞permanent 永久的enduring 持久的

(D) fanatic — 狂熱的狂熱分子

religious fanatic 宗教狂熱分子sports fanatic 運動狂熱者

He is a fitness fanatic who exercises every day.

他是個健身狂熱者每天都在運動

同義詞zealot 狂熱者extremist 極端分子

反義詞moderate 溫和的calm 冷靜的

Even a fundamentally stable childhood cannot protect one from the later, often painful, _____ of life.

(A) injunction(B) vicissitudes(C) vertex(D) raucousness B

【解析】即使童年本質上很穩定，也無法保護人免於人生後期經常帶來痛苦的＿＿＿

句子重點在「人生後期經常帶來痛苦的＿＿」

需要一個能表達「人生中變化多端、起伏、波折」的名詞

vicissitudes 恰好表達生活的不穩定與曲折

(A) injunction — 命令法令禁令

court injunction 法院禁令temporary injunction 臨時禁令

The company was issued an injunction to stop polluting the river

公司被法院下令停止污染河流

同義詞order 命令command 指令

反義詞permission 許可allowance 准許

(B) vicissitudes — 變遷起伏盛衰

the vicissitudes of life 人生的起伏

financial vicissitudes 財務波折

She endured the vicissitudes of fortune with courage

她勇敢地承受了命運的沉浮

同義詞fluctuations 波動ups and downs 起伏

反義詞stability 穩定constancy 永恆不變

the vertex of a triangle 三角形的頂點

reach the vertex of one’s career 達到事業巔峰

The rocket reached the vertex of its trajectory

火箭達到飛行軌跡的頂點

同義詞apex 頂點peak 高峰

反義詞base 底部nadir 最低點

(D) raucousness — 喧鬧嘈雜

the raucousness of the crowd 人群的喧鬧

raucous laughter 嘈雜的笑聲

The raucousness of the party kept the neighbors awake

派對的喧鬧吵醒了鄰居

同義詞clamor 喧鬧uproar 吵鬧

反義詞quiet 安靜serenity 寧靜

In the end, the minister was intermittently criticized for enriching minority entrepreneurs and _____ on the privileges of minority vested interest.

(A) deriding(B) contriving(C) squandering(D) infringing D

【解析】最後，該部長間歇性地受到批評，因為他扶持少數族裔企業家，並且＿＿＿少數族裔既得利益的特權

句子中前半段談到「enriching minority entrepreneurs（扶持少數族裔企業家）」

後半段提到對「少數族裔既得利益的特權」的行為

語境是批評，意思是「侵犯或違反」權益

(A) deriding — 嘲笑譏笑

deride someone publicly 公開嘲笑某人

be derided as a fool 被嘲笑為傻瓜

The politician was derided for his unrealistic promises

那位政治家因不切實際的承諾而被嘲笑

同義詞mock 嘲弄ridicule 嘲笑反義詞praise 讚美commend 稱讚

(B) contriving — 設計圖謀

contrive a plan 設計計畫contrive to escape 想辦法逃脫

He contrived a clever way to solve the problem

他設計了一個巧妙的方法解決問題

同義詞devise 設計engineer 策劃反義詞neglect 忽視ignore 忽略

squander money 揮霍金錢squander opportunities 浪費機會

He squandered his inheritance on gambling

他把遺產都浪費在賭博上

同義詞waste 浪費misuse 濫用反義詞save 節省conserve 節約

(D) infringing — 侵犯違反

infringe on someone’s rights 侵犯某人的權利

infringe copyright 違反版權

The new law infringes on citizens’ freedom of speech

新法律侵犯了公民的言論自由

同義詞violate 違反encroach 侵占反義詞respect 尊重obey 遵守

He has a _____ style of writing, using four very difficult words where one simple one would do.

(A) saturnine(B) sententious(C) pretentious(D) eminent C

【解析】他的寫作風格＿＿＿，明明一個簡單單字就夠，卻用四個非常困難的單字

句子重點在「本可簡單卻用複雜詞」

pretentious 表示「矯揉造作、賣弄、炫耀」

(A) saturnine — 陰鬱的忧鬱的

a saturnine expression 陰鬱的表情

saturnine mood 悶悶不樂的心情

He looked saturnine after hearing the bad news

聽到壞消息後他看起來很陰鬱

同義詞gloomy 憂鬱的morose 悶悶不樂的

反義詞cheerful 愉快的lively 活潑的

(B) sententious — 簡短有力的、說教式的

sententious remarks 說教式言論

a sententious speech 言簡意賅且帶警句的演講

His speech was too sententious and moralizing

他的演講太說教且帶著道德說教味

同義詞pithy 精煉的moralizing 愛說教的

反義詞long-winded 冗長的verbose 冗言的

a pretentious style 矯揉造作的風格

pretentious behavior 裝腔作勢的行為

He writes in a pretentious manner, using complex words unnecessarily

他寫作風格矯揉造作，不必要地使用複雜單字

同義詞ostentatious 賣弄的showy 炫耀的

反義詞modest 謙遜的unassuming 不愛炫耀的

(D) eminent — 著名的卓越的

an eminent scientist 著名科學家an eminent scholar 卓越學者

She is an eminent historian recognized worldwide

她是一位舉世聞名的歷史學家

同義詞renowned 著名的distinguished 卓越的

反義詞unknown 無名的obscure 默默無聞的

. Knowing and understanding our limitation is very crucial and a significant part of _____ ourselves from its control.

(A) encroaching(B) emancipating(C) venerating(D) epitomizing B

【解析】了解並認識自己的限制非常重要，也是＿＿＿自己免受其控制的重要部分

解題說明

句子重點在「免受限制的控制」

emancipating 表示「解放、使獲自由」

最符合語意，意即「讓自己從限制或控制中解脫」

(A) encroaching — 侵占侵入

encroach on someone’s territory 侵占某人領土

encroach upon privacy 侵犯隱私

The new building encroaches on the park land

新建築侵占了公園土地

同義詞intrude 侵入invade 侵略

反義詞respect 尊重leave alone 不干涉

(B) emancipating — 解放使自由

emancipate oneself 解放自己emancipate slaves 解放奴隸

Knowing your limits is the first step to emancipating yourself from fear

認識自己的限制是讓自己從恐懼中解放的第一步

同義詞liberate 解放free 釋放反義詞enslave 奴役imprison 監禁

venerate the elders 尊敬長輩venerate a saint 崇敬聖人

The villagers venerate their ancestors every year

村民每年都祭祖以表敬仰

同義詞respect 尊敬honor 敬重反義詞disrespect 不尊敬ignore 忽視

(D) epitomizing — 象徵成為典範

epitomize excellence 象徵卓越epitomize a trend 代表一個潮流

She epitomizes grace and elegance她是優雅的典範

同義詞represent 代表embody 具體表現

反義詞contradict 與…相反oppose 反對

Every advance in knowledge has to be earned by a painful struggle against our spontaneous _____ for ignorance.

(A) proscription(B) itinerary(C) cupidity(D) propensity D

【解析】每一次知識的進步都必須透過痛苦的掙扎，對抗我們對無知的

(A) proscription — 禁止、排斥

government proscription of drugs 政府對毒品的禁令

the proscription of certain practices 禁止某些行為

The proscription of smoking in public places is necessary for health

公共場所禁菸是為了健康所必須的

同義詞ban 禁止prohibition 禁止

反義詞permission 許可allowance 准許

(B) itinerary — 行程、旅程

travel itinerary 旅遊行程daily itinerary 每日安排

Our itinerary includes visits to three cities in one week

我們的行程安排了一週內造訪三個城市

同義詞schedule 日程plan 計畫

cupidity for wealth 對財富的貪心driven by cupidity 因貪婪驅動

His cupidity led him to cheat his partners

他的貪心使他欺騙了合作夥伴

同義詞greed 貪婪avarice 貪心反義詞generosity 慷慨altruism 利他

(D) propensity — 傾向、習性

propensity for violence 暴力傾向propensity to procrastinate 拖延的習慣

Humans have a natural propensity for seeking comfort

人類天生有尋求舒適的傾向

同義詞inclination 傾向tendency 傾向

反義詞aversion 厭惡disinclination 不願意

Even though the student always stirs up trouble, as his teacher, I always try to discover his strengths instead of looking for his flaws and being _____.

(A) flagitious(B) captious(C) venal(D) minatory B

【解析】

即使這個學生總是惹麻煩，作為老師，我仍試圖發掘他的長處，而不是挑剔他的缺點並且＿＿＿

句子重點在「不要一直挑剔學生缺點」captious 表示「吹毛求疵、愛挑剔的」

(A) flagitious — 極其邪惡的、惡名昭彰的

a flagitious crime 惡劣罪行flagitious conduct 惡劣行為

The dictator was guilty of flagitious acts against his people

這位獨裁者對人民犯下了極其惡劣的行為

villainous 邪惡的heinous 可憎的

反義詞virtuous 有道德的honorable 光榮的

(B) captious — 吹毛求疵的、愛挑剔的

captious criticism 吹毛求疵的批評captious teacher 愛挑剔的老師

He is so captious that he finds faults in everything

他如此吹毛求疵，什麼都挑毛病

同義詞carping 挑剔的fault-finding 吹毛求疵的

反義詞forgiving 寬容的tolerant 包容的

venal politician 貪污的政治家venal judge 可收買的法官

The venal official accepted bribes without hesitation

那位貪污官員毫不猶豫地收受賄賂

同義詞corrupt 腐敗的bribable 可收買的

反義詞honest 誠實的incorruptible 不貪污的

(D) minatory — 威脅的、恐嚇的

minatory tone 威脅語氣minatory gesture 威脅手勢

The teacher gave a minatory look to the misbehaving student

老師對行為不端的學生投以威脅的眼神

同義詞threatening 威脅的menacing 險惡的

反義詞friendly 友善的harmless 無害的

Besides drugs, the concern and support of patients’ families and friends as well as social acceptance are also a _____ for mental patients.

(A) vendetta(B) paragon(C) panacea(D) genesis C

【解析】除了藥物之外，病人的家人和朋友的關心與支持，以及社會的接納，也是心理病患者的一種＿＿＿

句子重點在「心理病患者需要的不只是藥物，還有其他因素能改善情況」

panacea 表示「萬靈藥、能解決所有問題的辦法」

(A) vendetta — 世仇、報復

family vendetta 家族世仇long-standing vendetta 長期恩怨

The two families had a long-standing vendetta

這兩個家族之間有長期的世仇

同義詞feud 世仇grudge 怨恨

反義詞friendship 友誼reconciliation 和解

(B) paragon — 模範、典範

paragon of virtue 美德的典範paragon of excellence 卓越典範

She is a paragon of patience and kindness

她是耐心與善良的典範

同義詞model 模範exemplar 典範反義詞flaw 錯誤imperfection 缺陷

a panacea for all problems 萬能解決方案economic panacea 經濟萬靈藥

There is no panacea for mental illness, but support from family helps

心理疾病沒有萬靈藥，但來自家人的支持很有幫助

同義詞cure-all 萬能解決方法universal remedy 普遍解決方案

反義詞problem 問題disease 疾病

(D) genesis — 起源、開始

the genesis of a movement 運動的起源human genesis 人類的起源

The book describes the genesis of the Internet

這本書描述了網際網路的起源

同義詞origin 起源beginning 開始

反義詞end 結束conclusion 結尾

. Claw machines are now _____ in the street. They are undergoing a huge surge in popularity across the nation. The machines are open 24/7, and they have become a popular spot for older teens and adults to hang out.

(A) ubiquitous(B) fallacious(C) esoteric(D) prodigious A

【解析】夾娃娃機現在在街頭＿＿＿。它們在全國正經歷一波人氣大增，全天候開放，也成為青少年與成人喜愛聚集的地方

(A) ubiquitous — 無所不在的到處都有的

ubiquitous presence 無處不在的存在ubiquitous technology 普及的科技

Smartphones are now ubiquitous in modern society

智慧型手機在現代社會已經無所不在

同義詞omnipresent 無所不在的everywhere 到處都有的

反義詞rare 罕見的scarce 稀少的

(B) fallacious — 錯誤的、謬誤的

fallacious reasoning 謬誤推理fallacious assumption 錯誤假設

The argument was based on fallacious reasoning

這個論點是建立在錯誤的推理上

同義詞misleading 誤導的incorrect 錯誤的

反義詞accurate 正確的valid 有效的

esoteric knowledge 深奧知識esoteric language 高深難懂的語言

Quantum physics is an esoteric subject for most people

對大多數人來說量子物理是深奧的學科

同義詞obscure 難懂的abstruse 深奧的

反義詞common 普通的familiar 熟悉的

(D) prodigious — 巨大的驚人的

prodigious talent 驚人的天賦prodigious effort 巨大的努力

She has a prodigious memory for details

她對細節有驚人的記憶力

同義詞remarkable 卓越的extraordinary 非凡的

反義詞ordinary 普通的insignificant 微不足道的

You need a(n) _____, a licence to practice medicine in the long term, to work as a physician in Germany. This regulation is obligatory, regardless of whether the degree was obtained abroad or in Germany.

(A) disquisition(B) promulgation(C) approbation(D) supposition C

【解析】要在德國當醫生，你需要一個＿＿＿，也就是長期行醫的執照。這項規定是強制性的，無論學位是在國內或國外取得。

句子重點在「長期行醫的執照」approbation 在德國醫療法中專指「醫師執照」

(A) disquisition — 論文、專題討論

write a disquisition on philosophy 撰寫哲學論文

a detailed disquisition 詳細論述

His disquisition on ancient Greek philosophy was impressive

他關於古希臘哲學的論文令人印象深刻

同義詞treatise 論文essay 論文反義詞summary 摘要outline 概要

(B) promulgation — 公布、宣告

promulgation of a law 法律公布official promulgation 官方公告

The promulgation of the new tax law caused much debate

新稅法的公布引起了很多討論

同義詞announcement 公布proclamation 宣告

反義詞conceal 隱藏suppress 壓制

medical approbation 醫師執照receive approbation 獲得認可

To practice medicine in Germany, you must obtain approbation

要在德國行醫，你必須獲得醫師執照

同義詞license 執照authorization 批准

反義詞prohibition 禁止revocation 吊銷

(D) supposition — 假設、推測

under the supposition that 假設…mere supposition 純粹的假設

Her theory is based on the supposition that humans are rational

她的理論建立在「人類理性」的假設上

同義詞assumption 假設conjecture 推測

反義詞fact 事實certainty 確定

It can _____ the moral character of teenagers and lead them to the wrong path when peers and bullies apply pressure.

(A) divagate(B) fulminate(C) execrate(D) vitiate D

【解析】當同儕或惡霸施加壓力時，它可能會＿＿青少年的道德品格，並引導他們走上錯誤的道路

(A) divagate — 漫談、離題

divagate in a speech 在演講中漫談divagate from the topic 偏離主題

The professor tended to divagate during his lectures

教授在課堂上經常離題漫談

同義詞digress 偏離ramble 漫談

反義詞focus 集中concentrate 專注

(B) fulminate — 強烈批評、怒斥

fulminate against corruption 強烈譴責貪污

fulminate in a speech 在演講中激烈抨擊

The politician fulminated against the new policy

那位政治家猛烈抨擊新政策

同義詞denounce 譴責rail 抨擊

反義詞praise 讚揚commend 稱讚

execrate evil 憎惡邪惡execrate injustice 痛恨不公

They execrate the acts of violence他們痛恨暴力行為

同義詞abhor 痛恨detest 厭惡

反義詞love 愛admire 崇敬

(D) vitiate — 削弱、破壞、損害

vitiate moral values 破壞道德價值vitiate the effectiveness 削弱效力

Excessive alcohol can vitiate one’s health過量飲酒會損害健康

同義詞undermine 削弱corrupt 腐蝕

反義詞strengthen 強化improve 改善

It was an exercise in _____ to use twitter for communication because you could use only 140 characters to express your idea or thought.

(A) acme(B) epigraph(C) machination(D) brevity D

【解析】使用推特進行交流是一種＿＿＿的練習，因為你只能用 140 個字表達你的想法

(A) acme — 頂點、極致

the acme of success 成功的巔峰

reach the acme of one’s career 達到職業生涯的頂峰

Winning the Nobel Prize was the acme of her career

獲得諾貝爾獎是她事業的頂點

同義詞peak 頂點pinnacle 頂峰反義詞nadir 低點bottom 底部

(B) epigraph — 碑文、題詞、引用語

epigraph at the beginning of a book 書首的引用語

literary epigraph 文學題詞

The novel began with an epigraph from Shakespeare

小說以莎士比亞的題詞開頭

同義詞quotation 引用語inscription 題詞

political machination 政治陰謀evil machinations 邪惡的計謀

The villain’s machinations were finally uncovered

反派的陰謀最終被揭露

同義詞scheme 計謀plot 陰謀

反義詞honesty 誠實straightforwardness 直接

(D) brevity — 簡潔、言簡意賅

brevity is the soul of wit 言簡意賅是智慧之魂

practice brevity 練習簡潔表達

Twitter teaches users the importance of brevity in communication

推特讓使用者學會在交流中簡潔表達的重要性

同義詞conciseness 簡潔succinctness 簡明

反義詞verbosity 冗長wordiness 贅詞

Despite failing the competition, Alexander’s efforts were so _____ that his teacher and the judges were touched.

(A) laudable(B) myriad(C) salubrious(D) ribald A

【解析】儘管亞歷山大在比賽中失敗，他的努力仍然如此＿＿＿，以至於老師和評審都很感動

(A) laudable — 值得讚揚的

laudable efforts 值得讚揚的努力laudable achievement 值得稱讚的成就

Her dedication to helping the poor is truly laudable

她致力幫助窮人，實在值得讚揚

同義詞praiseworthy 值得讚揚的commendable 值得稱讚的

反義詞blameworthy 應受責備的reprehensible 應受譴責的

(B) myriad — 無數的、大量的

a myriad of stars 無數的星星myriad possibilities 無限可能

The sky was filled with a myriad of stars天空布滿了無數的星星

同義詞countless 無數的innumerable 不可勝數的

反義詞few 少數的limited 有限的

salubrious climate 有益健康的氣候salubrious habits 有益健康的習慣

Living in the countryside provides a salubrious lifestyle

住在鄉下能過上健康的生活

同義詞healthful 有益健康的beneficial 有益的

反義詞unhealthy 不健康的harmful 有害的

(D) ribald — 粗俗的、下流的

ribald humor 粗俗幽默ribald joke 下流笑話

The comedian’s ribald jokes offended some of the audience

喜劇演員的下流笑話冒犯了部分觀眾

同義詞vulgar 粗俗的coarse 粗糙的

反義詞refined 文雅的decent 得體的

Opponents of animal testing say that it is cruel and inhumane to experiment on animals. The use of animals in science should be _____ in science.

(A) abrogated(B) exonerated(C) vindicated(D) dissembled A

【解析】反對動物實驗的人認為在動物身上做實驗是殘酷且不人道的。動物在科學上的使用應該在科學上被＿＿＿

(A) abrogated — 廢止、取消

abrogate a law 廢止法律abrogate a treaty 取消條約

The government decided to abrogate outdated regulations

政府決定廢止過時的規定

同義詞repeal 廢除annul 取消反義詞enact 制定establish 建立

(B) exonerated — 免除責任、證明無罪

exonerate someone from blame 免除責任

be exonerated by evidence 由證據證明無罪

He was exonerated after the investigation cleared his name

調查後他被證明清白

同義詞acquit 宣告無罪absolve 免除

反義詞condemn 譴責blame 指責

vindicate one’s decision 證明決定正確

be vindicated by facts 由事實證明正當

The scientist was vindicated when her theory was proven correct

當她的理論被證明正確時，這位科學家得到了平反

同義詞justify 證明正確exonerate 平反

反義詞condemn 譴責invalidate 無效

(D) dissembled — 掩飾、假裝

dissemble one’s emotions 掩飾情緒

dissemble the truth 掩飾真相

He tried to dissemble his nervousness during the interview

他在面試時試圖掩飾緊張

同義詞mask 掩飾conceal 隱藏反義詞reveal 揭露expose 暴露

Money may not buy happiness (or love), but it might just buy more time to find it. In the most comprehensive look so far at longevity and income, researchers report that people with higher incomes tend to live longer – though there were some interesting nuances that the researchers teased out. __57__ what some experts predicted, there was no leveling-off point where making more didn’t provide any added years. __58__, people with the top 1% in income lived 10 to 15 years longer than those at the bottom 1%. __59__, having a lower income didn’t necessarily lead to the shortest lives – that varied greatly based on where people lived. People making the least but residing in cities like New York and San Francisco, __60__, lived longer than people in cities like Detroit and Tulsa, Okla.

57.(A) So long as(B) Contrary to(C) As a consequence of(D) Compared with

58.(A) Hence(B) However(C) Therefore(D) Overall

59.(A) Thus far (B) At the same time

60.(A) in addition(B) for example(C) as a result(D) so to speak B

【解析】

句子意思是「與某些專家預測相反」，所以用 Contrary to 最貼切。

contrary to popular belief 與普遍看法相反

contrary to expectations 與預期相反

Contrary to what many thought, the project was completed on time.

與許多人想的相反，這個專案按時完成了。

同義詞：opposite, against

反義詞：in accordance with, consistent with

這句子承接前文的研究結果，表達「整體來看」人收入高的人活得更久，所以 Overall 最合適。

overall trend 整體趨勢overall performance 總體表現

Overall, the experiment was a success.

整體來看，這次實驗是成功的。

同義詞：generally, on the whole

反義詞：partially, in detail

這裡句子要表達「同時，低收入不一定最短壽命」，所以 At the same time 最合適。

at the same time 同時；另一方面

think and act at the same time 一邊思考一邊行動

At the same time, we must consider the environmental impact.

同時，我們也必須考慮環境影響。

同義詞：simultaneously, meanwhile反義詞：sequentially, separately

句子提供例子來說明「低收入的人住在哪裡也會影響壽命」，所以 for example 最合適。

for example, … 例如…

Many fruits are healthy, for example, apples and oranges.

許多水果都很健康，例如蘋果和橘子。

同義詞：such as, like

For people without heart disease, taking a daily aspirin to prevent heart attacks and strokes may increase the risk of severe brain bleeding to the point where it outweighs any potential benefit, a research review suggests.

U.S. doctors have long advised adults who haven’t had a heart attack or stroke but are at high risk for these events to take a daily aspirin pill, an approach known as primary prevention. __61___ there’s clear evidence aspirin works for this purpose, many physicians and patients have been reluctant to follow the recommendations because of the risk of rare but potentially lethal internal bleeding.

For the current study, researchers examined data from 13 clinical trials testing the effects of aspirin __62___ a placebo or no treatment in more than 134,000 adults. The risk of intracranial hemorrhage, or brain bleeds, was rare.

One limitation of the analysis is that the smaller clinical trials examined a variety of aspirin doses up to 100 milligrams daily. The analysis also only focused on brain bleeds, and not on other types of internal bleeding associated with aspirin. ___63___ the benefits for preventing heart attacks, the consensus on aspirin has changed over time, particularly for people without heart disease or hardening and narrowing of the arteries.

“We have previously recommended aspirin to prevent platelets from __64___ the inside of an individual’s arteries, but the benefit, while real, turns out to be small compared to the rare but devastating incidence of brain hemorrhage,” the researcher said. “We no longer recommend routine use of aspirin in individuals who have no demonstrable cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis.”

61.

(A) On the contrary(B) For the most part(C) Without a doubt(D) Even though

62.(A) on(B) at(C) against(D) in

63.(A) Although(B) Instead of(C) For one thing(D) Despite

64.(A) going after(B) sticking to(C) riding out(D) giving off D

【解析】句子前後對比：雖然有證據證明阿斯匹林有效，但醫師和患者仍猶豫。

even though it’s raining 雖然下雨

even though I tried hard 雖然我很努力

Even though she was tired, she finished her homework.

雖然她很累，但她還是完成了作業。

同義詞：although, though反義詞：because, since

句子意思：研究測試阿斯匹林與安慰劑或不治療的比較。

fight against crime 打擊犯罪

test the drug against a placebo 用藥物與安慰劑對照測試

The new treatment was tested against a placebo in clinical trials.

這項新療法在臨床試驗中與安慰劑做對照測試。

同義詞：versus, compared with

儘管阿斯匹林可預防心臟病發作，但整體共識仍改變。

“…the analysis also only focused on brain bleeds… ___ the benefits for preventing heart attacks, the consensus on aspirin has changed over time…”

Despite = 儘管，指「雖然有心臟病預防的好處，但共識仍改變」。

注意：這裡不用 Although，因為文法結構是 Despite + 名詞/動名詞 (the benefits)，而 Although 後面必須接完整子句。

所以 Despite 比 Although 更符合語法。

阿斯匹林用來防止血小板黏附在血管內壁。

sticking to（黏附於、堅持）

going after — 追求

sticking to — 黏附、堅持

riding out — 撐過

giving off — 散發

stick to a plan 堅持計畫

The label sticks to the bottle well. 標籤很好地黏在瓶子上

Platelets stick to the walls of injured arteries. 血小板會黏附在受傷的動脈內壁

同義詞：adhere, cling反義詞：detach, separate

Measles cases in the U.S. have hit a 25-year high, with 78 new infections in the past week alone. In a sign of the times, a cruise ship with hundreds of Scientologists on board was quarantined in St. Lucia after one passenger was diagnosed with the disease. It’s the sort of news you can expect when parents stop vaccinating their children, which many did from the 1990s onwards for fear that scientists were foisting

remedies on them that were more dangerous than the diseases themselves.

As society has become ever more convenient, hygienic and wrapped in cling film, many hark back with dewy eyes to the natural and supposedly wholesome lifestyles of our ancestors in pre-industrial times. Besides the fear around vaccines, growing numbers of people put their faith in the organic movement, the anti-GM lobby, and New Age philosophies. They have increasingly rejected the ability of science to improve our lives, placing an almost religious trust in the benevolence of Mother Nature instead.

Coupled with this is a very positive view of evolution. It is seen as a caring and compassionate force which has shaped us and the rest of the natural world. It almost seems that there is the growing belief that if natural evolution were left to its own devices, then everything would work out for the best.

But this idea of evolution as benign is extraordinarily wide of the mark. Evolution is a brutal and uncaring, even obscene opponent, which the medical world is constantly trying to out-maneuver and overcome. Perhaps because of the brilliance of Charles Darwin’s theory, evolution has been getting an easy ride for far too long. It’s time we started facing the truth about what it really means—before it eats any more of our children.

65. Which of the following is NOT a reason for parents to stop vaccinating their children?

(A) They do not have faith in scientific approaches.

(B) They believe that more scientific, hygienic remedies will be given.

(D) They fear that the vaccine itself could be dangerous to children.

What is the purpose of the author to write this article?

(A) To discuss the benefits of vaccination.

(B) To give a warning about the threat of measles infection.

(D) To argue for a positive view of evolution.

What is the author’s attitude toward Darwin’s theory?

(A) It is an obstacle to medical practice.

(B) It is a caring and compassionate force in the world.

(D) It is getting an easy ride by children.

68. In line 1 of paragraph 4, “wide of the mark” probably means “_______”.

(A) ambiguous

(B) indefinite

(D) inaccurate B

【解析】

文章指出父母停止打疫苗的原因包括對科學不信任 (A)、相信自然療法 (C)、害怕疫苗有危險 (D)

B 說「相信會有更多科學、衛生的療法提供」，這與文章的意思相反，父母反而不信任科學療法

have faith in sth 對…有信心

I have faith in modern medicine. 我相信現代醫學。

stop vaccinating 停止接種疫苗

Some parents stopped vaccinating their children due to fear. 有些父母因害怕而停止讓孩子接種疫苗。

文中作者強調麻疹疫情升高，以及父母拒絕疫苗的危害

而是要說服人們回到科學、相信疫苗的科學價值

persuade sb to do sth 說服某人做…

The teacher persuaded the students to follow the safety rules.

老師說服學生遵守安全規則

文中提到：「Perhaps because of the brilliance of Charles Darwin’s theory, evolution has been getting an easy ride for far too long. It’s time we started facing the truth…」

作者認為過度美化進化論使醫療界難以正確應對自然界的殘酷性

所以 Darwin 的理論在某種程度上妨礙了醫學應對現實的努力 → A

obstacle to sth 對…的障礙

Lack of funding is an obstacle to scientific research. 缺乏資金是科學研究的一大障礙。文中說：“But this idea of evolution as benign is extraordinarily wide of the mark.”

這裡意思是「這種將演化看作溫和善良的想法是完全錯誤的」

所以 wide of the mark = inaccurate（不準確的）

wide of the mark 與事實不符、不正確

His prediction about the weather was wide of the mark.

他的天氣預測完全不準。

The starting point for understanding inequality in the context of human progress is to recognize that income inequality is not a fundamental component of well-being. It is not like health, prosperity, knowledge, safety, peace, and the other areas of progress I examine in these chapters. The reason is captured in an old joke from the Soviet Union. Igor and Boris are dirt-poor peasants, barely scratching enough crops from their small plot of land to feed their families. The only difference between them is that Boris owns a scrawny goat. One day a fairy appears to Igor and grants him a wish. Igor says, “I wish that Boris’s goat should die.”

The point of the joke, of course, is that the two peasants have become more equal but that neither is better off, aside from Igor’s indulging his spiteful envy. The point is made with greater nuance by the philosopher Harry Frankfurt in his 2015 book On Inequality. Frankfurt argues that inequality itself is not morally objectionable; what is objectionable is poverty. If a person lives a long, healthy, pleasurable, and stimulating life, then how much money the Joneses earn, how big their house is, and how many cars they drive are morally irrelevant. Frankfurt writes, “From the point of view of morality, it is not important everyone should have the same. What is morally important is that each should have enough.” Indeed, a narrow focus on economic inequality can be destructive if it distracts us into killing Boris’s goat instead of figuring out how Igor can get one.

69. According to this passage, what is a fundamental component of well-being?

(A) Feeling content even in poverty.

(B) A long, healthy, pleasurable, and stimulating life.

(D) Having enough to sustain life.

70. The joke about the two Soviet peasants is to illustrate __________.

(A) everyone should feel equal in terms of the property

(B) it is not moral to object to equality

(D) jealousy is part of human nature for people in poverty

71. Implied, income inequality is probably rooted in ___________.

(A) the ability to pursue economic growth

(B) inheritance of land from parents

(D) not having a stimulating life

72. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the passage?

(A) The Path toward Human Progress: Economic Equality

(B) Ways to Be Economically Better Off

(D) On Human Nature: Moral Issues

【解析】

原文線索：Frankfurt 說：「From the point of view of morality, it is not important everyone should have the same. What is morally important is that each should have enough.」

解釋：文章指出 well-being 的核心是每個人有足夠的資源來維持生活，而不是追求長壽、刺激或與他人的比較。

have enough to sustain life 有足夠資源維持生活

People need enough food and water to sustain life. 人需要足夠的食物和水來維持生命。

70. The joke about the two Soviet peasants is to illustrate __________.

正確答案：C) a focus on economic equality could lead to destruction

原文線索：文章說：「a narrow focus on economic inequality can be destructive if it distracts us into killing Boris’s goat instead of figuring out how Igor can get one.」

笑話說明過度關注經濟平等可能導致破壞性行為（Igor 杀羊），而不是改善生活。

focus on sth 專注於某事

Focusing too much on grades can be stressful. 過度專注於成績會造成壓力。

be destructive 具有破壞性

Excessive criticism can be destructive to relationships. 過度批評會破壞人際關係。

71. Implied, income inequality is probably rooted in ___________.

正確答案：A) the ability to pursue economic growth

原文線索：文章一開始提到，「income inequality is not a fundamental component of well-being」並沒有說嫉妒是收入不平等的根源，而是暗示收入不平等來自經濟活動本身（不同人追求不同收入，經濟成長能力差異造成差距）

收入不平等源自於人們追求經濟增長的能力不同，而非單純嫉妒或缺乏刺激生活。

pursue economic growth 追求經濟增長

Governments aim to pursue economic growth through investment. 政府透過投資來追求經濟成長。

72. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the passage?

正確答案：C) The Culprit of Well Being: Income Inequality or Poverty

原文線索：文章重點是「收入不平等本身不是問題，貧窮才是問題」：“what is objectionable is poverty…What is morally important is that each should have enough.”

所以標題 C 最貼切文章核心思想：幸福的罪魁禍首是貧窮，而非收入不平等

culprit of sth …的罪魁禍首

The culprit of traffic jams is poor city planning. 交通堵塞的罪魁禍首是糟糕的城市規劃。

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