with O OC(V-ing/p.p.) 表附帶狀況的句子

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with O OC 文法

此句型是以with後接受詞O.與受詞補語(OC)的結構來表示「附帶的狀況」，此句型的補語可為現在分詞(ving)、過去分詞(p.p.)、形容詞(adj.)、介系詞片語(prep.+n.)。

主動with+O+ving 現在分詞 

當受詞與受詞補語中的動詞為主動關係或表示正在進行的動作時使用。

with O(受詞) 能「主動」做出→OC(受詞補語)的動作

The hungry dog looked at the hot dog with its mouth watering.

那隻飢餓的狗看著那個熱狗，流著口水。

狗的嘴巴能夠主動流口水，因此使用ving

In this sentence, “its mouth watering” is a gerund phrase that describes an action that the dog can actively perform. The dog can actively make its mouth water upon looking at the hot dog, hence the use of the gerund form “watering.

Tina watched the horror TV series with her body trembling.

蒂娜看著可怕的影集，身體顫抖。

Tina 身體可以「主動」顫抖，故使用ving

Similarly, “her body trembling” is a gerund phrase indicating an action that Tina’s body can actively perform. Her body can actively tremble while she watches the horror TV series, so “trembling” is used in the gerund form.

In both sentences, the gerund form (“watering” and “trembling”) is appropriate because it describes actions that the subjects (the dog and Tina) are capable of actively doing. Gerunds are often used to convey actions or states that are ongoing or concurrent with another action, and they can be used as subjects, objects, or complements in sentences.

被動with+O+p.p. 過去分詞 

當受詞與受詞補語中的動詞為被動關係或表示已經完成的動作時使用。

The students are in class with their cell phones turned off.

學生們正在上課，伴隨手機關機。

John doesn’t finish his homework on time again. The teacher is shouting at him with her arms crossed.

John又再次沒有準時完成作業。老師正手臂交叉對他大吼。

受詞補語為介系詞片語，通常為表示地方。

The mother went shopping with her baby in her arms.

Mandy sat on a chair with the motor control in her hand.

Mandy 坐在椅子上手握遙控器。

修飾狀態 with+O+adj.形容詞 

The rude boy is talking with his mouth full of food.

那不禮貌的男孩滿嘴塞滿食物講話。

Feeling hot, Lily slept with the windows open.

Lily覺得熱，開著窗戶睡覺。

with+O+adv.副詞 

The old man fell asleep with the TV on.（副詞） 

老先生電視還開著就睡著了。 

without+O+OC

Leon left angrily without a word spoken.

I plucked up my courage to go on the speech without anyone paying attention to me.

with+O+OC除了表示「附帶狀況」外，還可作原因副詞、條件副詞

原因副詞

With the final exams approaching next week, a great number of students go to the library and study hard.

因為期末考下周即將來臨，許多學生去圖書館努力讀書。

條件副詞

With favorable conditions, the candidate might win the election.