The scientist, ______ several decades in marine biology, published a groundbreaking paper on deep-sea ecosystems. (114高雄醫大轉系考英文11題)
(A) had spent(B) having spent(C) that spent(D) spending
【解析】這句話的意思是：那位科學家花了數十年時間研究海洋生物學，然後發表了一篇突破性的論文。
(A) had spent子句中不能單獨用過去完成式這樣插入，會造成文法錯誤。
(B) having spent 分詞片語（having + p.p.）可以修飾主詞「the scientist」，說明他在發表論文之前做過的事。
(C) that spent「that spent…」是關係子句，但這裡用了逗號（非限定用法），應該用 who 或 which。
(D) spending
• 分詞結構可以用，但通常表示同時進行的動作。
• 「spending several decades」表示他正在花時間研究，和他已經發表論文的動作時間點不一致。你說：
結構與語法解析
1. “having + 過去分詞 (p.p.)” 是什麼？
這是一種 完成式分詞結構（perfect participle），常用來表達：
時間先後關係：先發生的動作用 having + p.p
類似例句：
1. Having finished his homework, Tom went out to play.
→ 他做完功課後，才去玩。
2. The author, having traveled the world, wrote a book about global cultures.
→ 那位作家曾環遊世界，所以寫了一本關於全球文化的書。
練習 1：
原始資訊：
• 主句：She received a scholarship.
• 背景：She had studied very hard for years.
→ 請用 “having + p.p.” 合併成一個句子。
Having studied very hard for years, she received a scholarship.
→ 她多年來認真學習，因此獲得了獎學金。
練習 2：
原始資訊：
• 主句：The engineer designed a new robot.
• 背景：He had worked on similar projects before.
Having worked on similar projects, the engineer designed a new robot.
• Having worked on similar projects → 完成式分詞，表示背景或經驗，先於主句的動作。
• the engineer designed a new robot → 主句，表示主動作
「因為他過去有類似經驗，所以他設計出了一個新機器人。」
原始句：
• 主句：They launched the product successfully.
• 背景：They had conducted market research.
Having conducted market research, they launched the product successfully.
結構解析：
• Having conducted market research
→ 完成式分詞片語，表示「事先做過市場調查」的動作
• they launched the product successfully
→ 主句，表示「成功發表產品」的動作
「因為他們做了市場調查，所以產品發表很成功。」
（時間與因果關係都表達得很好）
原始資訊：
• 主句：The students passed the final exam.
• 背景：They had reviewed all the materials thoroughly.
Having reviewed all the materials thoroughly, the students passed the final exam.