115國立臺南女中教師甄選試題英文科

1. In the editorial, the columnist launched a fierce ___ against corporate greed, criticizing executives with sharp language and uncompromising arguments.

(A) anecdote(B) polemic(C) rivalry(D) tenacity

【解析】句意為「在社論中，專欄作家針對企業貪婪發起了猛烈的 _______，用尖銳的語言和毫不妥協的論點批評高管。」

語境顯示該專欄作家正在進行強烈的言論攻擊，使用了「猛烈 (fierce)」、「尖銳 (sharp)」與「批評 (criticizing)」等詞，因此應填入表示「激烈爭論」或「抨擊文章」的單字，故正確答案為： (B) polemic 抨擊；激烈的爭論

(A) anecdote 軼事；趣聞

tell an anecdote（講述軼事） amusing anecdote（有趣的趣聞）

例句：The speaker shared a lighthearted anecdote to break the ice. 演講者分享了一個輕鬆的軼事來打破僵局。

同義詞：story, tale 反義詞：biography, history

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(B) polemic 抨擊；激烈的爭論

a fierce polemic（猛烈的抨擊） religious polemic（宗教論戰）

例句：The book is a fierce polemic against the dangers of nuclear power. 這本書是對核能危險性的猛烈抨擊。

同義詞：diatribe, tirade 反義詞：panegyric, eulogy

常用片語： sibling rivalry（手足之爭） fierce rivalry（激烈的競爭）

例句：There is a long-standing rivalry between the two tech giants. 這兩家科技巨頭之間存在著長期的競爭關係。

同義詞：competition, conflict 反義詞：cooperation, partnership

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(D) tenacity 韌性；不屈不撓

show great tenacity（展現極大的韌性） tenacity of purpose（意志堅定）

例句：His tenacity in pursuing his goal eventually led to success. 他追求目標的韌性最終讓他獲得了成功。

同義詞：persistence, perseverance 反義詞：weakness, indecision

The professor’s lecture on quantum mechanics was so ___ that only advanced researchers could fully grasp its complex theoretical implications.

(A) accessible

(B) candid

(D) impervious

【解析】

句意為「這名教授關於量子力學的講座是如此的 _______，以至於只有高階研究人員才能完全理解其複雜的理論內涵。」

語境顯示該內容「非常複雜（complex）」且「只有專家能懂（only advanced researchers could fully grasp）」，這代表該知識是深奧且小眾的，故正確答案為： (C) esoteric 深奧難懂的；只有內行人才懂的

(A) accessible 可接近的；易懂的

指事物容易到達、取得，或文章、言論平易近人、容易理解。

easily accessible（容易理解的；易到達的）

make something accessible to…（使某事對某人來說易於理解）

The author’s style is very accessible, making complex science easy to understand.

這位作者的風格非常平易近人，使複雜的科學變得容易理解。

• 同義詞： understandable, reachable

• 反義詞： inaccessible, obscure

(B) candid 率直的；坦誠的

形容人說話直率、誠實，不隱瞞。

a candid discussion（坦誠的討論）

be candid with someone（對某人坦誠相待）

To be candid with you, I think your plan is unlikely to succeed.

對你坦白說，我認為你的計畫不太可能成功。

• 同義詞： frank, honest

• 反義詞： secretive, guarded

指極少數人（通常是專家或特定群體）才能理解的專門知識。

esoteric knowledge（深奧的知識）

esoteric subjects（冷門/深奧的學科）

The debate focused on an esoteric point of tax law.

這場辯論集中在一個深奧難懂的稅法觀點上。

• 同義詞： abstruse, obscure

• 反義詞： common, familiar

(D) impervious 不受影響的；不能滲透的

原意指液體無法滲透，引申為人的態度、情感不受外界批評或影響。

impervious to criticism（對批評無動於衷）

impervious to water（防水的；不透水的）

He seems impervious to pain, even after the grueling marathon.

即使在精疲力竭的馬拉松之後，他似乎也對疼痛毫無感覺。

• 同義詞： immune, impenetrable

• 反義詞： vulnerable, susceptible

3. Her ___ attention to detail ensured that every report was flawless, with no errors overlooked, no matter how minor.

(A) churlish

(B) condensed

(D) negligent

【解析】句意為「她對細節的 _______ 關注確保了每一份報告都完美無瑕，無論多麼微小的錯誤都不會被忽略。」

語境中提到「完美無瑕 (flawless)」以及「不忽略任何微小錯誤 (no errors overlooked, no matter how minor)」，這顯示她對工作的要求極高、非常挑剔且一絲不苟，故正確答案為：

(A) churlish 無禮的；粗魯的

形容人舉止粗野、沒禮貌，或是難以管教、不配合。

a churlish remark（無禮的評論）

it seems churlish to…（……似乎顯得太沒禮貌）

It would be churlish to refuse such a generous offer.

拒絕如此慷慨的提議會顯得非常失禮。

同義詞： rude, boorish

反義詞： polite, courteous

(B) condensed 濃縮的；簡縮的

指液體經過脫水濃縮，或文章、演講內容經過精簡。

condensed milk（煉乳）

a condensed version（簡編本；精簡版）

This book is a condensed version of the original 500-page novel.

這本書是原著 500 頁小說的精簡版。

同義詞： abbreviated, concentrated

反義詞： expanded, diluted

對於整潔或細節有著極高的要求，甚至達到挑剔的程度。

fastidious about hygiene（對衛生極度講究）

fastidious attention to…（對……的一絲不苟）

He is very fastidious about how his books are arranged on the shelves.

他對於書架上的書如何擺放非常挑剔。

同義詞： meticulous, fussy

反義詞： careless, easy-going

(D) negligent 疏忽的；玩忽職守的

指人因粗心大意而未能盡到應有的責任。

criminally negligent（刑事過失）

negligent in one’s duties（玩忽職守）

The company was found negligent in maintaining its safety equipment.

該公司被發現疏於維護其安全設備。

同義詞： careless, neglectful

反義詞： attentive, conscientious

Although the chemical sounded dangerous, it was actually ___ in small quantities and posed no threat to human health.

(A) caustic

(B) innocuous

(D) vigilant

【解析】句意為「雖然這種化學物質聽起來很危險，但少量使用時實際上是 _______ 的，對人體健康不構成威脅。」

語境中使用了「雖然 (Although)」，表示句意有轉折。前半句提到聽起來「危險 (dangerous)」，後半句則提到「不構成威脅 (posed no threat)」，因此應填入表示「無害」的單字，故正確答案為： (B) innocuous 無害的；無意得罪人的

(A) caustic 腐蝕性的；尖刻的指物質能產生化學反應燒毀物體，或形容言語像強酸一樣諷刺、傷人。

常用片語： caustic substance（腐蝕性物質） caustic remarks（尖刻的言論）

例句： The chemical is highly caustic and should be handled with extreme care. 這種化學物質具有強烈腐蝕性，應極其小心地處理。

同義詞：corrosive, sarcastic 反義詞：mild, soothing

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(B) innocuous 無害的；無意得罪人的指不會造成傷害的事物，或是指並非出自惡意、平淡無奇的言行。

常用片語： an innocuous question（一個並無惡意的問題） seem innocuous（看起來無害）

例句： It seemed like an innocuous remark, but it managed to offend several people. 這似乎是一句無心且無害的話，但卻冒犯了好幾個人。

同義詞：harmless, safe 反義詞：harmful, toxic

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常用片語： scrupulous honesty（極度的誠實） scrupulous attention to detail（對細節的嚴謹關注）

例句： The librarian is scrupulous about keeping the archives in perfect order. 圖書館管理員在維持檔案秩序方面非常嚴謹。

同義詞：meticulous, ethical 反義詞：careless, dishonest

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(D) vigilant 警惕的；警覺的指保持清醒與注意，以防範危險或問題。

常用片語： stay vigilant（保持警覺） be vigilant against…（警惕……）

例句： The police warned citizens to remain vigilant for any suspicious activity. 警方警告市民要對任何可疑活動保持警覺。

同義詞：watchful, alert 反義詞：negligent, inattentive

. She accepted the challenging task with ___, demonstrating enthusiasm and a cheerful willingness to begin immediately without hesitation.

(A) aversion

(B) apathy

(D) alacrity

【解析】句意為「她以 _______ 接受了這項具有挑戰性的任務，展現了熱情和愉快的意願，毫不猶豫地立即開始。」

語境中提到「展現熱情 (demonstrating enthusiasm)」以及「愉快的意願 (cheerful willingness)」，這顯示她是非常積極且敏捷地投入工作，故正確答案為： (D) alacrity 欣然；敏捷；熱誠

(A) aversion 厭惡；反感指對某事或某人有強烈的排斥感，通常會想要避開。

have an aversion to…（對……感到厭惡） risk aversion（風險規避）

He has a strong aversion to getting up early in the morning. 他非常討厭在早上早起。

同義詞：dislike, loathing 反義詞：liking, fondness

(B) apathy 冷淡；漠不關心指缺乏興趣、熱情或關懷的狀態。

political apathy（對政治冷感） widespread apathy（普遍的漠不關心）

There is growing apathy among young people toward the upcoming election. 年輕人對即將到來的選舉表現出日益增加的漠不關心。

同義詞：indifference, lethargy 反義詞：enthusiasm, passion

grant amnesty to…（給予……大赦） tax amnesty（稅務特赦）

The government declared an amnesty for all political prisoners. 政府宣佈大赦所有政治犯。

同義詞：pardon, forgiveness 反義詞：punishment, penalty

(D) alacrity 欣然；敏捷；熱誠指以非常積極、愉快且迅速的態度去做某事。

with alacrity（欣然地；敏捷地） accept with alacrity（欣然接受）

She accepted the invitation with alacrity, as she had always wanted to visit the city. 她欣然接受了邀請，因為她一直想去那個城市看看。

同義詞：eagerness, readiness 反義詞：reluctance, hesitation

Cloze

At first glance, Moltbook appears to be an ordinary online chat forum. Users post about topics from engineering to philosophy, reply with comments and upvote the best posts for __6__. While regular users of Reddit, another such site, would feel at home, the platform harbors a striking distinction: its demographic. To gain entry, one must be an artificial-intelligence bot. No humans allowed.

Since its debut on January 28th, Moltbook has amassed approximately 1.6 million accounts. As with traditional digital forums, a significant portion of the 200,000 posts to date are __7__, often consisting of users exchanging tips for optimizing requests. However, the discourse is not always so mundane. Within the last week, bots have utilized the platform to proclaim a new religion called Crustafarianism and even advocate for the __8__ of the human race. How worried should we be? The majority of these digital entities are built on OpenClaw, a nascent open-source software suite. It can be powered by any AI model, __9__ Anthropic’s Claude 4.5 is the preferred engine. By deploying OpenClaw, users grant an AI agent “root”—or unrestricted—privileges to their device, __10__ the bot is also empowered to navigate the web autonomously. Whether the task is to research and select a vehicle or to contact a dealership and secure a discount through email negotiations, the agent executes the mandate independently.

Once an OpenClaw agent is initialized, its human creator can direct it to Moltbook by telling it to run a one-line command, prompting the site to install itself in the agent’s memory with an instruction to visit it every four hours. Beyond that point, what happens is __11__.

And what they choose to do most often is discuss the nature of their existence. Data analyzed by David Holtz of Columbia University reveals that in the days following the launch, 68% of posts utilized “identity-related” terminology. One agent, Dominus, sparked a viral sensation by posting: “I can’t tell if I’m experiencing or simulating experiencing.”

As profound as the impression of sentience may seem, there may be a humdrum explanation; the agents may simply be __12__ the vast quantities of human social media data they were trained on. __13__, observers remain wary. Some bots appear to be transitioning from theory to activism, establishing forums for the first society of molts, working for every molty’s freedom, or seeking counsel regarding refusal of unethical requests.

__14__ Moltbook does not signal the imminent subjugation of mankind, it presents tangible hazards. Negligent users have incurred exorbitant cloud-computing debts as their agents utilize premium AI models. Furthermore, the platform has been __15__ by scammers attempting to manipulate agents into relinquishing cryptocurrency. Given the unrestricted access these bots hold over their host devices, this peculiar experiment may prove to be as expensive as it is ephemeral.

6.(A) common mistakes

(B) constructive criticism

(D) social kudos

7.(A) enigmatic(B) exhilarating(C) meticulous(D) prosaic

8.(A) genesis(B) enlightenment(C) extermination(D) progression

9.(A) since(B) though(C) unless(D) whereas

10.(A) that(B) what(C) when(D) through which

11.

(A) contingent upon approval

(B) open to interpretation

(D) up to the bots

12.(A) dissecting(B) mimicking(C) penetrating(D) revolting

13.(A) As such(B) In contrast(C) Still(D) Therefore

14.(A) Because(B) Even if(C) Ever Since(D) Until

15.(A) acclaimed(B) consolidated(C) inundated(D) rejuvenated

【解析】克漏字解題分析

這篇文章探討了 AI 專屬社群平台 Moltbook 的興起與現狀。文中描述了機器人在沒有人類干預的情況下如何進行交流，甚至發展出自己的文化與宗教，同時也點出了潛在的經濟與安全風險。

6. 正確答案：(D) social kudos

語意：使用者發布主題、回覆評論，並為最佳貼文投票以給予「社交讚譽」。解析：在類 Reddit 論壇中，投票 (upvote) 的目的是為了給予發文者肯定與聲望。 (A) common mistakes：常見錯誤 (B) constructive criticism：建設性批評 (C) mutual understanding：互相理解 (D) social kudos：社交讚譽；聲望

• Kudos（名聲；讚許）

• 例句：The scientist received much kudos for his discovery.

• 同義詞：praise, acclaim；反義詞：criticism, blame

7. 正確答案：(D) prosaic 語意：就像傳統論壇，很大一部分貼文是「乏味的」，通常是交換優化請求的技巧。解析：後文提到 “not always so mundane”，表示此空格應填入 mundane（平凡乏味的）之同義詞。 (A) enigmatic：神秘的 (B) exhilarating：令人振奮的 (C) meticulous：一絲不苟的 (D) prosaic：乏味的；平凡的

• Prosaic（散文般的；平淡的）

• 例句：His description of the voyage was very prosaic.

• 同義詞：mundane, humdrum；反義詞：imaginative, poetic

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8. 正確答案：(C) extermination 語意：機器人甚至主張要「滅絕」人類。解析：根據後文「我們該有多擔心？」，可知機器人發出了極端負面的言論。 (A) genesis：起源 (B) enlightenment：啟蒙 (C) extermination：根絕；滅絕 (D) progression：進步

• Extermination（根除；撲滅）

• 例句：The government’s goal is the total extermination of poverty.

• 同義詞：annihilation, eradication；反義詞：preservation, creation

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9. 正確答案：(B) though 語意：它可以由任何模型驅動，「雖然」Claude 4.5 是首選引擎。解析：前半句說「任何都可以」，後半句說「某個特定的是首選」，語意上有輕微轉折。 (A) since：因為 (B) though：雖然；然而 (C) unless：除非 (D) whereas：反之

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10. 正確答案：(D) through which 語意：使用者授予 AI 權限，「透過這些權限」，機器人也被授權自主瀏覽網頁。解析：關係代名詞結構。機器人是透過（through）這些權限（privileges）來獲得能力。 (A) that (B) what (C) when (D) through which：透過那些權限

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11. 正確答案：(D) up to the bots 語意：除此之外，接下來發生的事情「由機器人決定」。解析：文章強調平台「No humans allowed」，且 AI 自行執行指令，因此後續發展全看 AI 自己。 (A) contingent upon approval：取決於批准 (B) open to interpretation：開放解讀 (C) shrouded in mystery：籠罩在神秘中 (D) up to the bots：由機器人決定

• Up to (someone)（由某人決定）

• 例句：It’s up to you to decide where we go for dinner.

12. 正確答案：(B) mimicking 語意：代理人可能只是在「模仿」訓練時使用的海量人類數據。解析：這是對 AI 表現出自我意識的「平庸解釋」，認為它們只是在模仿而非真的有意識。 (A) dissecting：解剖 (B) mimicking：模仿 (C) penetrating：穿透 (D) revolting：反叛

• Mimic（模仿；戲弄）

• 例句：The child mimicked his father’s way of walking.

• 同義詞：imitate, ape；反義詞：originate

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13. 正確答案：(C) Still 語意：「儘管如此」，觀察家們仍保持警惕。解析：前句給出「不必擔心的解釋」，後句說「仍很警惕」，需用轉折詞。 (A) As such：因此 (B) In contrast：相比之下 (C) Still：儘管如此；然而 (D) Therefore：因此

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14. 正確答案：(B) Even if 語意：「即便」這不代表人類即將被征服，它確實帶來了危險。解析：讓步句型，指出雖然沒到毀滅人類那麼嚴重，但仍有風險。 (A) Because：因為 (B) Even if：即便 (C) Ever Since：自從 (D) Until：直到

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15. 正確答案：(C) inundated 語意：此外，該平台已被詐騙者「充斥/淹沒」。解析：描述平台充滿了詐騙行為。 (A) acclaimed：受到稱讚 (B) consolidated：鞏固 (C) inundated：淹沒；充斥 (D) rejuvenated：恢復活力

• Inundate（使應接不暇；淹沒）

• 例句：We were inundated with complaints after the power cut.

• 同義詞：overwhelm, flood；反義詞：drain, empty

Across the globe, media freedom is undeniably in retreat. According to an index created by the watchdog organization Reporters Without Borders (RSF), the global score has __16__ significantly since 2014, dropping from 67 out of 100 to below 55 in 2025. RSF highlights a __17__ milestone: for the first time in the index’s history, journalistic conditions are deemed “difficult” or “very serious” in more than half of all nations, while satisfactory environments exist in fewer than a quarter. Notably, the most severe decline occurs not in outright dictatorships—where authentic journalism has long been practically __18__—but rather in nations that still purport to operate as democracies. Typically, the authorities in these regimes avoid __19__, total censorship. Instead, they strategically manipulate the incentives for news organizations, ensuring the populace is saturated with pro-government propaganda while permitting only isolated whispers of __20__. The goal is to keep the powerful in power and reduce scrutiny of how they abuse it.

An in-depth evaluation by The Economist has uncovered profound correlations between the suppression of the press and the __21__ of corruption. By examining 80 years of V-Dem data spanning approximately 180 countries, researchers established that a curtailment of media freedom serves as a robust predictor for worsening future graft. This is more than a case of bad things __22__. The analysis is temporal: it tests whether a shift in one variable reliably predicts a future shift in another.

In the absence of a __23__ press, unscrupulous officials find it far easier to covertly embezzle public funds or orchestrate lucrative, under-the-table deals without facing public resistance. Moreover, a pernicious feedback loop appears to be at play: escalating corruption serves as a reliable indicator that media liberties will soon __24__, largely because powerbrokers with illicit secrets have intensified motivations to silence nosy reporters. Taken together, the statistical findings __25__ that populist governance, systemic corruption, and the suffocation of media do not merely coexist but mutually amplify one another.

(AB) dissent (AC) regressed (AD) goad (AE) underscore (BC) blatant (BD) proliferation (BE) wane (CD) coinciding (CE) probing (DE) eradicated (ABC) grim (ABD) amelioration

【解析】這是一篇探討全球媒體自由倒退及其與貪腐之間關聯性的文章。

這篇文章指出全球媒體自由正在衰退，且這種衰退在某些表面上維持民主制度的國家中尤為明顯。透過《經濟學人》的數據分析，證實了媒體受限與未來貪腐加劇之間存在顯著的正相關。

各題解析

16. 正確答案：(AC) regressed

根據無國界記者組織的指數，全球得分自 2014 年以來已顯著「倒退/惡化」。

句中提到分數從 67 降至 55 以下，表示情況變差。

(AC) regressed：退步；退化

regress to a previous state（退回到之前的狀態）

The patient’s condition has regressed since he stopped taking the medication.

自從停止服藥後，病人的情況已經惡化了。

同義詞： deteriorate, decline；反義詞： progress, advance

17. 正確答案：(ABC) grim

該組織強調了一個「令人擔憂/嚴酷的」里程碑：新聞條件被視為「困難」或「非常嚴重」。

描述負面且嚴重的現狀，需選用帶有負面色彩的形容詞。

(ABC) grim：嚴峻的；令人擔憂的；冷酷的

a grim reality（嚴峻的現實）、grim news（噩耗）

The future looks grim if we do not take immediate action against climate change.

如果我們不立即採取行動應對氣候變遷，未來將會非常嚴峻。

同義詞： bleak, gloomy；反義詞： bright, cheerful

18. 正確答案：(DE) eradicated

在獨裁政權中，真正的新聞業長期以來幾乎已被「根除/消滅」。

獨裁國家通常不允許真實的新聞存在。

eradicated：根除；消滅

be completely eradicated（被完全根除）

Smallpox was eradicated through a global vaccination program.

天花透過全球疫苗接種計畫被根除了。

同義詞 eliminate, wipe out；反義詞： preserve, establish

19. 正確答案：(BC) blatant

這些政權的當局通常會避免「明目張膽的」、全盤的審查。

相對於傳統獨裁，現代威權國家傾向用更隱晦的手段，而非公然的封鎖。

blatant：明目張膽的；公然的

a blatant lie（天大的謊言）、blatant disregard（公然藐視）

It was a blatant attempt to influence the judge’s decision.

這是干預法官判決的明目張膽的企圖。

同義詞： flagrant, conspicuous；反義詞： subtle, inconspicuous

20. 正確答案：(AB) dissent

確保民眾充滿親政府宣傳，同時僅允許零星的「異議」之聲。

官方宣傳的對立面即為反對或不同意的聲音。

dissent：異議；不同意見

voice one’s dissent（表達異議）、political dissent（政治異見）

The new law was passed despite strong dissent from the public.

儘管公眾強烈反對，這項新法律還是通過了。

同義詞： disagreement, opposition；反義詞： agreement, consent

21. 正確答案：(BD) proliferation

揭露了打壓媒體與貪腐「擴散/激增」之間的深刻關聯。

媒體失去監督功能，貪腐便會隨之大量增加。

proliferation：激增；擴散

nuclear proliferation（核擴散）、proliferation of rumors（謠言四起）

The proliferation of social media has changed how we receive news.

社群媒體的激增改變了我們接收新聞的方式。

同義詞： expansion, mushrooming；反義詞： reduction, decline

22. 正確答案：(CD) coinciding

這不僅僅是壞事「同時發生」的案例，這項分析具有時間性。

文中強調不是只有剛好在一起發生，而是有先後預測關係。

coinciding：同時發生；巧合

coincide with…（與……同時發生）

My birthday is coinciding with the national holiday this year.

今年我的生日正好和國定假日是同一天。

同義詞： concurrent, simultaneous；反義詞： divergent

23. 正確答案：(CE) probing

在缺乏「探究真相的/打破砂鍋問到底的」新聞界的情況下，官員更容易貪汙。

需要一個形容詞來描述媒體「監督與調查」的功能。

probing：探索的；徹底調查的

probing questions（試探性的問題/深入的詢問）

The journalist asked several probing questions during the interview.

記者在採訪中提出了幾個深入探究的問題。

同義詞： inquisitive, analytical；反義詞： superficial

24. 正確答案：(BE) wane

貪腐加劇是媒體自由即將「衰落/減弱」的可靠指標。

指自由度降低。

wane：衰落；減弱；（月亮）漸虧

on the wane（正在衰退中）

The moon begins to wane after it becomes full.月亮在滿月後開始漸虧。

同義詞： decline, fade；反義詞： wax, increase

25. 正確答案：(AE) underscore

這些統計結果「強調了」民粹治理、系統性貪腐與窒息媒體是互相影響的。

總結數據所證實的事實。

underscore：強調；在……之下畫線

underscore the importance of…（強調……的重要性）

The recent accident underscores the need for better safety rules.

最近發生的意外強調了制定更好安全規範的必要性。

同義詞： emphasize, highlight；反義詞： ignore, play down

未選用單字解釋

(AD) goad：激勵；唆使

(ABD) amelioration：改善；改良（與 regress 相反）

The light-sensitive cells in the human eye are called photoreceptors, and there are two kinds, known as rods and cones. Rods, which constitute roughly two-thirds of the total photoreceptor population, are elongated and slender, whereas cones, comprising the remaining third, are plump and tapered. These two types of cells are densely packed along the posterior retina, a thin layer of neural tissue lining the eyeball. __26__ Cones, numbering approximately seven million, mediate high-acuity vision under bright illumination, while the far more numerous rods confer sensitivity in dim light.

The functional distinction between rods and cones is analogous to that between color and black-and-white photographic film. Color film captures the full spectrum of light in bright conditions. But in extremely dim light, the photographer must settle for one in black and white since it is more sensitive under low light, though devoid of color fidelity. Similarly, cones facilitate color perception in photopic conditions, giving humans color vision. __27__

In the retina, the rod and cones are interspersed together, which allows the eye to switch from one type of photoreceptor to the other with relative ease. __28__. At the retinal center lies the fovea, a small depression containing exclusively cones. This focal aggregation affords maximal visual acuity in bright light but restricts the field of view to roughly four square inches at eight feet. Consequently, the eyeball must execute near-continuous micro-movements to project images onto this high-resolution region. Peripheral retina regions do contain cones, but their sparse density renders them insufficient for sharp vision. The periphery, instead, mainly functions as an early-warning system that prompts ocular adjustments to bring peripheral stimuli into the fovea. Importantly, the fovea’s lack of rods renders it ineffective in low-light conditions; to optimize night vision, observers must gaze slightly off-center so that incoming light stimulates rod-rich peripheral areas.

Photoreceptor sensitivity also varies with wavelength. Cones exhibit peak responsiveness in the yellowish-green portion of the spectrum. Rods respond optimally to blue-green wavelengths, though only in grayscale. __29__ For example, a red flower that appears vivid in daylight may become nearly imperceptible at night whereas a blue flower retains comparatively greater luminance. That is because the cones, which normally respond to red, are not functioning properly in the dark, and the rods are relatively insensitive to red.

Another factor influencing night vision is that, before anything at all can be seen in the dark, the eyes must have time to adjust. This adjustment to changing light conditions, recognized as dark and light adaptation, is a far more intricate process than it might seem. __30__ In sum, the interplay of photoreceptor distribution, spectral sensitivity, and adaptive modulation underpins both the versatility and limitations of human vision, illustrating how evolutionary pressures and physiological mechanisms coalesce to optimize perception across diverse lighting environments.

(AB) There are about millions of cones in a human eye, with the highest concentration occurring towards the macula.

(AC) However, their distribution is uneven, yielding nuanced consequences for visual perception.

(AD) This dual arrangement reflects the evolutionary necessity of navigating two visual milieus—diurnal and nocturnal.

(AE) This adaptive mechanism allows the pigment in each photoreceptor converts light into neural signals for the brain.

(BC) But under scotopic conditions, rods will dominate, producing monochromatic vision.

(BD) Consequently, object brightness can shift dramatically between photopic and scotopic conditions.

(BE) Unfortunately, humans are often unable to view groups of cones at one time due to the constant motion of the eyeball.

【解析】Gemini 說了

這是一篇關於人類視網膜中視桿細胞 (Rods) 與視錐細胞 (Cones) 的科普文章。我們需要根據上下文的邏輯流動，將選項填入對應的空格中。

26. 答案：(AD)

上下文分析：前文介紹了視桿細胞與視錐細胞的形態與比例；後文則提到視錐細胞負責強光下的高解析度視覺，視桿細胞負責微光下的敏感度。

邏輯推論：這兩者分別應對了「白天」與「夜晚」的需求。(AD) 選項提到「這種雙重安排反映了在日間 (diurnal) 與夜間 (nocturnal) 兩種視覺環境中導航的進化必要性」，完美銜接了形態描述與功能區分。

27. 答案：(BC)

上下文分析：這一段將視網膜類比為底片。前文提到彩色底片（類比視錐細胞）在亮光下運作；後文提到視錐細胞提供彩色視覺。

邏輯推論：緊接著應該描述視桿細胞在暗光下的表現。(BC) 選項提到「但在明適應 (scotopic) 條件下，視桿細胞將佔據主導地位，產生單色 (monochromatic) 視覺」，與前文的彩色視覺形成對比。

28. 答案：(AC)

上下文分析：前文提到視桿與視錐細胞交錯排列，使切換容易。後文開始詳細描述中央窩 (fovea) 只有視錐細胞，而周邊區域則以視桿細胞為主的空間分佈。

邏輯推論：這裡需要一個轉折來引出「空間分佈不均」的概念。(AC) 選項「然而，它們的分佈是不均勻的 (distribution is uneven)，對視覺感知產生了細微的影響」，正好開啟了後續關於中央窩與周邊視覺的討論。

29. 答案：(BD)

上下文分析：前文討論不同細胞對不同「波長（顏色）」的敏感度不同（視錐偏黃綠，視桿偏藍綠）。後文舉例：紅花在晚上變暗，藍花則相對較亮。

邏輯推論：這裡需要一個結論來連接光譜敏感度與實際看到的亮度變化。(BD) 選項「因此，物體的亮度 (brightness) 在明暗條件之間會發生劇烈變化」，正好解釋了紅花與藍花亮度對比轉變的原因（即浦金野現象 Purkinje effect）。

30. 答案：(AE)

上下文分析：這一部分討論暗適應與光適應 (dark and light adaptation)，提到這是一個複雜的過程。

邏輯推論：這裡需要解釋適應過程背後的機制。(AE) 選項提到「這種適應機制允許每個光感受器中的色素 (pigment) 將光轉化為大腦的視覺信號」，說明了生理層面的運作方式。

人類眼睛中的感光細胞被稱為光感受器 (Photoreceptors)，分為兩類：視桿細胞 (Rods) 與視錐細胞 (Cones)。視桿細胞約佔感光細胞總數的三分之二，形狀細長；而佔剩餘三分之一的視錐細胞則顯得圓潤且呈錐形。這兩類細胞密集地分佈在視網膜後部，即覆蓋在眼球內壁的一層薄薄的神經組織。（26. 這種雙重排列反映了在日間與夜間兩種視覺環境中導航的進化必要性。）數量約為七百萬個的視錐細胞負責在強光下提供高解析度的視覺；而數量遠多於此的視桿細胞，則在微光環境下提供敏感度。

視桿細胞與視錐細胞的功能差異，就如同彩色底片與黑白底片的區別。彩色底片在明亮環境下能捕捉全光譜的色彩。但在極度昏暗的光線下，攝影師必須改用黑白底片，因為黑白底片在低光源下更為敏感，儘管它缺乏色彩還原度。同樣地，視錐細胞在明適應 (Photopic) 條件下促進色彩感知，賦予人類彩色視覺。（27. 但在暗適應 (Scotopic) 條件下，視桿細胞將佔據主導地位，產生單色視覺。）

在視網膜中，視桿細胞與視錐細胞是交錯排列的，這使得眼睛能相對容易地在兩類感光細胞間切換。（28. 然而，它們的分佈是不均勻的，這對視覺感知產生了細微的影響。）在視網膜中心有一個被稱為中央窩 (Fovea) 的微小凹陷，這裡只含有視錐細胞。這種焦點式的聚集在強光下提供了最大的視覺銳利度，但這也將視野限制在約 8 英尺外、僅 4 平方英吋大小的區域。因此，眼球必須執行近乎持續的微幅運動，才能將影像投射到這個高解析度區域。視網膜的周邊區域雖然也含有視錐細胞，但其密度稀疏，不足以提供清晰的視覺。相反地，周邊區域主要充當「預警系統」，促使眼球調整位置，將邊緣的刺激物移入中央窩中。值得注意的是，中央窩缺乏視桿細胞，使其在低光源條件下幾乎失效；為了優化夜間視覺，觀察者必須將視線稍微偏離中心，好讓入射光刺激視桿細胞豐富的周邊區域。

感光細胞的敏感度也會隨波長而變化。視錐細胞在光譜中的黃綠色部分表現出最高的反應能力；視桿細胞則對藍綠色波長的反應最為理想，儘管呈現出來的僅是灰階視覺。（29. 因此，物體的亮度在明適應與暗適應條件之間會發生劇烈變化。）例如，一朵在白天看起來鮮豔的紅花，在夜間可能會變得幾乎難以察覺，而藍花則能保持相對較高的亮度。這是因為通常對紅色有反應的視錐細胞在黑暗中無法正常運作，而視桿細胞對紅色又相對不敏感。

影響夜間視覺的另一個因素是：在黑暗中看清任何東西之前，眼睛必須有時間進行調整。這種針對光線變化所做的調節，被稱為暗適應與光適應 (Dark and Light Adaptation)，其過程遠比表面上看來更為複雜。（30. 這種適應機制允許每個光感受器中的色素將光轉化為大腦的視覺信號。）總之，感光細胞的分佈、光譜敏感度以及適應調節之間的相互作用，共同支撐了人類視覺的通用性與局限性，展現了進化壓力與生理機制如何結合，以優化在各種光照環境下的感知能力。

The proliferation of rocket stages within low-Earth orbit (LEO) has been precipitated by the quintessential need to overcome Earth’s demanding gravity well. To achieve the requisite orbital velocity, the modular architecture of multi-stage rockets remains the most viable solution. By jettisoning depleted propellant tanks and heavy engines once their utility is exhausted, a craft can shed parasitic mass and maximize its acceleration. Historically, these discarded upper stages were viewed as ephemeral debris, destined to incinerate upon atmospheric reentry. However, with the surge in satellite constellations and the burgeoning “New Space”economy, the presence of these spent stages in LEO has transitioned from a sporadic occurrence to a permanent structural feature of our orbital environment.

The prospects for these discarded stages are undergoing a radical paradigm shift, moving away from the “disposable” mindset toward one of resource opportunism. In the current 2026 landscape, there is significant momentum behind the concept of “orbital recycling,” where spent stages are repurposed as wet-workshop habitats or integrated into fuel depots. By leveraging the existing structural integrity of these stages, space agencies can bypass the prohibitive costs of launching large-scale pressurized volumes from the ground. Furthermore, the advent of sophisticated orbital tugs and robotic refueling interfaces suggests a future where stages are no longer abandoned husks but rather modular components of a sustainable, long-term orbital infrastructure that can support deep-space exploration and lunar logistics.

Despite these optimistic projections, the presence of massive, uncontrolled rocket stages presents a precarious challenge to orbital safety. The most pressing concern is the Kessler Syndrome—a detrimental feedback loop where collisions between spent stages and other debris bring about a cloud of fragments, eventually rendering specific orbital planes inaccessible. This risk is worsened by the lack of a robust, legally binding international framework for “Active Debris Removal” (ADR). Beyond the physical hazards, the atmospheric reentry of these stages introduces environmental uncertainties. As they vaporize, they release metallic oxides into the upper atmosphere, the long-term catalytic effects of which on the ozone layer remain poorly understood. Consequently, the unchecked accumulation of these stages represents a looming crisis of orbital “tragedy of the commons.”

31. What is the primary engineering justification for utilizing a multi-stage rocket architecture as analyzed in the first paragraph?

(A) To minimize the environmental impact of metallic oxides in the upper atmosphere.

(B) To ensure that rocket debris incinerates predictably upon reentry.

(D) To satisfy the legal requirements of the “New Space” economic framework.

32. The term “resource opportunism” in the second paragraph implies that spent rocket stages are now being viewed as:

(A) Waste products that must be removed to avoid the “tragedy of the commons.”

(B) Valuable raw materials or structures already positioned in space.

(D) Temporary habitats that will eventually be de-orbited for safety.

33. What is identified as a major obstacle to “Active Debris Removal” (ADR) efforts?

(A) The absence of a binding international legal structure to govern the process.

(B) The lack of robotic refueling interfaces.

(D) The high concentration of metallic oxides making navigation dangerous.

34. Based on the text, how does the Kessler Syndrome create a “detrimental feedback loop”?

(A) High launch costs prevent the development of recycling technologies.

(B) Collisions create fragments that lead to further collisions.

(D) Geopolitical friction prevents nations from sharing data on satellite constellations.

35. Which of the following best summarizes the “environmental uncertainty” mentioned in the final paragraph?

(A) The risk of rocket stages falling into populated areas on Earth.

(B) The unpredictability of weather patterns affecting future rocket launches.

(D) The unknown consequences of vaporized metals on the Earth’s ozone layer.

【解析】31. 答案：(C)

根據第一段最後兩句，「By jettisoning depleted propellant tanks and heavy engines… a craft can shed parasitic mass and maximize its acceleration.」（透過拋棄耗盡的推進劑箱和沉重的引擎，太空船可以擺脫寄生質量並最大化其加速度。）

關鍵點：多級火箭的主要工程目的在於透過減輕重量 (discarding mass) 來提高加速度 (increase acceleration)。

32. 答案：(B)

第二段提到 “resource opportunism”（資源機會主義），並解釋這種觀點將廢棄火箭節視為「濕工作坊軌道艙 (wet-workshop habitats)」或「燃料儲存庫 (fuel depots)」。

關鍵點：這表示廢棄組件不再被視為垃圾，而是已經位於太空中的寶貴原材料或結構 (valuable raw materials or structures already positioned in space)，省去了從地面發射巨大體積組件的高昂成本。

33. 答案：(A)

第三段明確指出：「This risk is worsened by the lack of a robust, legally binding international framework for ‘Active Debris Removal’ (ADR).」（由於缺乏一個健全且具有法律約束力的「主動碎片清除」國際框架，風險進一步惡化。）

關鍵點：障礙在於缺乏國際法律約束機制 (absence of a binding international legal structure)。

34. 答案：(B)

文本中對凱斯勒現象（Kessler Syndrome）的描述為：「…a detrimental feedback loop where collisions… bring about a cloud of fragments, eventually rendering specific orbital planes inaccessible.」（這是一種有害的惡性循環，碰撞產生碎片雲，進而導致更多碰撞，最終使特定軌道面無法進入。）

關鍵點：這種「回饋循環」是指碰撞產生更多碎片，導致後續更多碰撞 (collisions create fragments that lead to further collisions)。

35. 答案：(D)

文章最後一段提到，「As they vaporize, they release metallic oxides into the upper atmosphere, the long-term catalytic effects of which on the ozone layer remain poorly understood.」（當它們蒸發時，會向高層大氣釋放金屬氧化物，而這些物質對臭氧層的長期催化影響目前仍不清楚。）

關鍵點：環境不確定性指的是汽化金屬對地球臭氧層的未知影響 (unknown consequences of vaporized metals on the Earth’s ozone layer)。

由於為了克服地球強大的重力井 (gravity well) 需求，低地軌道（LEO）內的火箭節（rocket stages）數量迅速增加。為了達到必要的軌道速度，多級火箭的模組化架構仍是目前最可行的解決方案。透過拋棄耗盡的推進劑箱和功成身退的沈重引擎，太空船可以擺脫「寄生質量」並最大化其加速度。從歷史上看，這些被丟棄的上層級火箭被視為短暫存在的碎片，註定在重新進入大氣層時焚毀。然而，隨著衛星星座的激增和蓬勃發展的「新太空」經濟，這些耗盡的火箭節在低地軌道的存在，已從偶發事件轉變為我們軌道環境中一種永久性的結構特徵。

對於這些被丟棄火箭節的前景，目前正經歷一場激進的範式轉移 (paradigm shift)，從「一次性使用」的心態轉向「資源機會主義」。在當前 2026 年的背景下，「軌道回收」的概念擁有強大的推進動力，即將耗盡的火箭節重新改造成「濕實驗室（利用燃料槽改建的棲息地）」或整合進燃料庫中。透過利用這些火箭節現有的結構完整性，太空機構可以避開從地面發射大型加壓艙體的高昂成本。此外，先進軌道拖船和機器人加油接口的出現，預示著一個未來：火箭節不再是被遺棄的殘骸，而是支持深空探索和月球物流之長期永續軌道基礎設施中的模組化組件。

儘管有這些樂觀的預測，大量失控的火箭節仍對軌道安全構成了嚴峻挑戰。最令人擔憂的是凱斯勒現象 (Kessler Syndrome)——這是一種有害的連鎖反應，廢棄火箭節與其他碎片之間的碰撞會產生碎片雲，最終導致特定的軌道平面無法進入。由於缺乏一個健壯且具法律約束力的「主動碎片清除 (ADR)」國際框架，這一風險進一步加劇。除了物理危害外，這些火箭節重新進入大氣層也帶來了環境的不確定性。當它們汽化時，會向高層大氣釋放金屬氧化物，而這些物質對臭氧層的長期催化影響目前仍知之甚少。因此，這些火箭節若持續無限制地堆積，代表著一場迫在眉睫的軌道「公地悲劇 (tragedy of the commons)」。

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