關係代名詞的定義
主要為連接詞與代名詞的功能。用來連接兩個句子,且兩個句子彼此之間要有關連。假設要連接下列兩句子 (1) I like the girl. (2) The girl has big eyes. 必須靠一個連接詞I like the girl, and she has big eyes.此為初階英文所學。若用關係代名詞則I like the girl who has big eyes. 由此可知關係代名詞具有連接詞和代名詞兩大功能。至於關係,也就是兩個句子中間必須有所關聯,也就是同一個人事物的意思。
關係子句:關係代名詞具有形容詞的功用,所以又稱為形容詞子句,可以用來補充說明先行詞與形容先行詞。
先行詞:關係代名詞前所形容的名詞
重點一:關係代名詞需依其先行詞而決定
關代主格、所有格、受格(人、事、物)整理表
先行詞 | 關係代名詞(當主詞用) | 關係代名詞(當受詞用) | 關係代名詞 (當所有格用) |
人 | who (亦可使用that) | whom (可省略) (亦可使用that、who) | whose |
物 | which (亦可使用that) | which (可省略) 亦可使用that | whose of which |
人+物 | that | that | whose |
(1) 主格:關係子句缺乏 主詞,且後接 動詞主格例句:This is the man who bought the book for me. 這個男人買那本書給我。
(2) 所有格:後接名詞,且表與先行詞的所有格的關係
所有格例句:This is the doll whose eyes are big and round. 這個洋娃娃的眼睛又大又圓。
(3) 受格:關係子句已有主詞,即表不需主格關代,且是關係子句中動詞或介係詞的受詞
受格例句:This is the man whom I met last night. I met the man. 這是我昨晚遇見的那個男人。此句中的the man 是先行詞也是met的受詞。
關代主詞練習題
a. 句子中的動詞需依先行詞作變化 b.關代連接的句子視為形容詞子句
例句: I like the person. / The person has a good heart.
合併→ I like the person has a good heart.(因為關係子句缺少主詞,所以要用主格的關代)
結果→ I like the person who has a good heart. 亦可→ I like the person that has a good heart.
我吃的那顆蘋果來自日本。
I eat the apple which comes / is from Japan.
在這裡玩得Mary 與她的貓咪來自美國。
2. Mary and her cat that are playing here come from America.
Kelly 和Linda 有一個朋友是一隻狗。
3. Kelly and Linda have a friend who is a puppy.
她喜歡的那本書在桌子上。
4. She likes the book which is on the desk.
關係代名詞題目
1. I like people. / People are kind and friendly.(以關係代名詞who / that 合併)
I like the people who are kind and friendly. 我喜歡仁慈又友善的人們。
2. She likes the doll. / The doll is wearing a skirt.
She likes the doll which is wearing a skirt. 她喜歡的那個洋娃娃穿著一條裙子。
3. The cats are mine. / The cats have big eyes.
The cats which have big eyes are mine. 那隻有大眼睛的貓咪是我的。
4. The girl speaks English well. / The girl is standing over there.
The girl who is standing over there speaks English well.那個站在那裡的女孩英文說得很好。
關代必須使用that
規則 | 例句 |
1. 先行詞是人+物時 | I know the man and his dog that are playing in the park. |
2 .先行詞有最高級時 | This is the best novel that I have ever read |
3. 先行詞有序數時 | She is the first woman that won the first prize. |
4. 前面已有wh疑問詞時 | Where is the man that ate the pie? |
5.先行詞有 the same(相同) the very(正是) the only(唯一) no / any / all / every 等字 | He is the same man that we met. This is the very car that I bought yesterday. This is the only money that I have. Any man that listens to him is a fool. |
關代一定要使用that的規則
絕對不可用關代that
注意:介詞或逗點之後不可使用that(關代前有逗號為非限定用法-為副詞子句或對等子句)
1 .先行詞前有介係詞時 | This is the house which I live in. =This is the house that I live in.(that 代替which) =This is the house in which I live.(in 可放前面) =This is the where I live. Where為關代副詞 × Here is the house in that I live.(in 在前不用that) |
2. 先行詞前有逗號時 | ○ I know the man who / that came here yesterday. × I know John, that came here yesterday |
關代不可使用that的規則
關代文法練習題
( C )1.The keys ______ are on the table aren’t yours.(A) who (B) this (C) which (D) X
( D )2. Mom doesn’t like the man ________ wants to sell her picture book.
(A) × (B) which (C) this (D) who
( B )3.The pizza _____ tasted delicious was made by Jojo.
(A) who (B) that (C) whose (D) X
( B )4.We want to take the stray dog ________ has only three legs home with us.
(A) who (B) that (C) what (D) with
( A )5.I lost the cellphone ________ my grandmother bought me as a birthday present.
(A) which (B) who (C) it (D) X
( A ) 6.Do you remember the man______is called Bob Smith?
(A) who (B) which (C) whose (D) X
( B )7.The monkey____ can ride a bike likes eating banana.
(A) × (B) which (C) this (D) who
( D )8.The money ________ stolen was from my husband.
(A) that (B) which (C) who is (D) that was
( B ) 9.The singer________is singing on TV is my friend.
(A) that (B) which (C) × (D) where
( C )10. Mary wants a husband _____ tall and strong. Mary想要一個高壯的丈夫。
(A) that (B) which (C) who is (D) that are
( A )11.Is she the girl_____won first prize in the contest this year?
(A) that (B) which (C) × (D) where
( C )12.The workers who _____ building the house are very hard-working.
(A) is (B) are (C) was (D) X
( C )13.He wants to buy a house _______ a garden. 他想要買一個有花園的房子。
(A) which is (B) which are (C) that with (D) that has
( B )14.The girl ______ long hair _____ my sister. 那個留長髮的女孩子是我妹妹。
(A) that wear ; is (B)with; is (C) who wears; are (D) in; are
( B )15.The red dress which costs three thousand dollars _____ too expensive for me.
(A) are (B) is (C) am (D) X
( A )16. The bike which Jerry broke yesterday _______to his sister.
(A) belongs (B) belong (C) X (D) was belonged
( B )17.The boy and the cat ____ are dancing are good friends.
(A) × (B) which (C) that (D) who
( B )18.Jane bought a computer _____ made in the USA.
(A) which (B) which is (C) who (D) that are
( D )19. The children and dogs _____ are running over there are good friends.
(A) who (B) which (C) X (D) that
( D )20.I am reading the letter ___ by Peter Lin.
(A) who wrote (B) was written (C) was writing (D) which was written
( ) 21. I know the man _____ bought the house. (A) who (B) what (C) which (D) × A
( ) 22. Do you like the house _______ was bought by Peter? (A) that (B) × (C) who (D)whom A
( ) 23. God helps those ______ help themselves. (A) that (B) who (C) × (D) what B
( )2 4. There are a man and a dog _____ are walking along the street. (A) who (B) which (C) that (D) × C
( ) 25. Who is the girl _____ is sitting over there? (A) that (B) which (C) × (D) whom A
( ) 26. This is the most interesting storybook _____ I have ever had. (A) what (B) who (C) that (D) whom C
關係代名詞受詞
例句:I enjoyed the pizza. Dad bought the pizza last night.
合併:I enjoyed the pizza which Dad bought last night.
(因為關係子句已有主詞,故不需主格關代,且句中受詞the pizza沒出現,故需要受格關代)
結果:I enjoyed the pizza which Dad bought last night.
亦可:I enjoyed the pizza that Dad bought last night.
關係代名詞主格與受格的比較表
1.主格關代 | 可以用that替代 | 絕對不可省略 |
2.受格關代 | 可以用that | 受格關代可以省略, 但前有介係詞或逗號時則不可省略亦不可替代! |
1. I know the man who / that bought the car.(○)
I know the man bought the car.(×)主格不可省略
2. I know the man whom / that / ×(省略) you talked about.(○)
I know the man about whom you talked.(○)介係詞可放前
I know the man about that you talked.(×)有介係詞不可替換
關代限定用法與非限定用法
關代限定用法
1. 表關係子句有限定及修飾先行詞的作用。 2. 關係子句前後不加「,」 3. 可用that 代替who / whom / which 4. 受格關代可省略 5. 因為限定,故指條件相同的不只一位 | I need a man who can speak English. (我需要一位會說英語的人。) 擁有會說英語條件的人不只一位 |
非限定用法
1. 表關係子句僅作補述之用,不用來限定或修飾先行詞 2. 關係子句前後需加「,」 3. 不可用關代that 4. 受格關代不可省略 5. 因為補述,故僅指一個對象 | Tony’s sister, who lives in Tainan, is coming back. (湯尼的姊姊要回來了,她目前住在台南。) 湯尼的姊姊只有一位,她住在台南僅作補述之用 |
關係子句與分詞片語的替換(形容詞子句的省略)
形容詞子句→可簡化為形容詞片語或分詞片語。(條件:關係代名詞主詞)
省略步驟:1.省略兼做主詞的關代。2.動詞若是be動詞→省略be動詞。3.動詞若是一般動詞→將動詞改成現在分詞(V-ing)或過去分詞(p.p.)
(主動用現在分詞;被動用過去分詞)
The girl who is sitting next to the door is James.=The girl sitting next to the door is James. (坐在門旁的女孩是James)
I know the man who is standing over there. = I know the man standing over there.
I know the man who was bitten by my dog. = I know the man bitten by my dog.
關係代名詞所有格文法
所有格關代顧名思義就是與兩個句子間的關係是所有格關係,也就是誰的~
I like the white cat. Its name is Kiki.
這兩句中間的關係是白色貓咪,而前面那句與後面那句的有著所有格關係(貓咪的名字)。
因此便可使用關代所有格 I like the white cat whose name is Kiki.
例:Tom likes the girl. The girl’s hair is long and straight.
→Tom likes the girl whose hair is long and straight.( Tom 喜歡的女孩的頭髮是又直又長)
I want to buy the book whose cover is a May day. (我想要買那本封面是五月天的書)
所有格關代後緊接一個名詞,後接動詞
關係子句與介系詞片語、分詞片語替換
(中文)那位穿著藍色T-shirt的女孩是我朋友。
(英文)The girl who wears a blue T-shirt is my friend.(關係子句寫法)
(英文)The girl in a blue T-shirt is my friend.(介系詞片語寫法)
(英文)The girl wearing a blue T-shirt is my friend.(分詞片語寫法)
因為「穿著」這個動作對先行詞「女孩」來說是主動,故可省略關係代名詞,將動詞改為現在分詞,關係子句轉換為「分詞片語」。
原句為The girl who is wearing a blue T-shirt is my friend. 那位正穿著藍色T-shirt的女孩是我朋友。
形容詞子句→簡化為不定詞片語
(此時的關代通常為介係詞的受詞)
先行詞….+關代+S+can..+V+介係詞
介係詞+關代+S+can+V
介係詞+關代+to VR
to +VR+介係詞
The poor old man has no money | which he can buy food with. |
with which he can buy food. | |
with which to buy food. | |
to buy food. |
- 關係代名詞當主詞、受詞、所有格講義
- 複合關係代名詞What=the thing(s) which
- 準關係代名詞but as than文法
- 關係先行詞 one of 複數名詞 who/which
- 關係副詞與關係代名詞的比較
- There be N ving/p.p.